Abstract
This paper deals with the oscillation of second order neutral difference equations of the form
The oscillation of all solutions of this equation is established via comparison theorems. Examples are provided to illustrate the main results.
MSC:39A10.
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1 Introduction
Consider the second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation of the form
where and △ is the forward difference operator defined by , subject to the following hypotheses:
-
(H1) and are nonnegative real sequences with not identically zero for infinitely many values of n;
-
(H2) is a positive sequence such that as ;
-
(H3) a and ß are ratio of odd positive integers;
-
(H4) and are nondecreasing sequences of integers such that and ;
-
(H5) there is a positive constant p such that .
By a solution of equation (1.1) we mean a real sequence defined, and satisfying equation (1.1), for all . We consider only those solutions of equation (1.1) which satisfy for all . We assume that equation (1.1) possesses such a solution. A solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory if it is neither eventually positive nor eventually negative, and nonoscillatory otherwise.
Since the second order equations have applications in various problems in physics, biology, and economics, there is a permanent interest in obtaining new sufficient conditions for the oscillation or nonoscillation of solutions of various types of second order equations; see for example [1–12], and the references cited therein.
In [3, 4] the authors proved that together with
guarantees the oscillation of all solutions of the neutral difference equation
In [13], the author discussed the oscillatory behavior of all solutions of the difference equation
with
In [14] and [15], the author considered the equation
with for and studied the oscillatory behavior under the conditions and . In [16], Saker considered the difference equation
with
and presented oscillation criteria which improved the existing results for the equation.
In [17], the authors established some sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of equation (1.3) via comparison theorems. In [18], Sun and Saker considered equation (1.5) and obtained some new oscillation criteria, which improve and complement that given in [16].
Recently in [19, 20], the authors studied the oscillatory behavior of all solutions of equation (1.1) under the conditions and or or .
Motivated by the above observation in this paper we shall investigate the oscillatory properties of equation (1.1) without assuming any usual restrictions on , , and . We shall provide new comparison theorems in which we compare the second order equation (1.1) with the first order difference equations in the sense that the oscillation nature of these first order difference equations yields the oscillation of equation (1.1). In Section 2, we present some basic lemmas, and in Section 3 we establish oscillation results. In Section 4, we provide several examples to illustrate the main results and we present our conclusion in Section 5.
2 Some basic lemmas
In this section we present some basic lemmas which will be used to prove the main results.
Lemma 2.1 Let , , and . Then
Proof If or , then the result is true. Next, we assume that . Consider the function defined by . Then
for . Therefore, is convex and , which implies the result (2.1). □
Lemma 2.2 Let , , . Then
Proof If or , then the result is true. For , let . Then the result (2.2) takes the form , which is clearly true for all . □
Next, we present the structure of positive solutions of equation (1.1) since the opposite case is similar.
Lemma 2.3 If is a positive solution of equation (1.1), then satisfies
eventually.
Proof Assume that is a solution of equation (1.1). Then equation (1.1) implies
Therefore, is decreasing and thus either or eventually for . If , then there exists a negative constant c such that
Summing the above inequality from to , one obtains
This contradiction proves (2.3). □
The proof of the following lemma is found in [21].
Lemma 2.4 Let be a quotient of odd positive integers. Assume that k is a positive integer, is a positive sequence defined for all , and there exists such that
then all the solutions of the difference equation
are oscillatory.
Next we state a result given in [22].
Lemma 2.5 Assume that is a nonnegative real sequence for all and
where l is a positive integer, then
has no eventually positive solution.
Lemma 2.6 Let γ be such that be a quotient of odd positive integers and where k is a positive integer. Assume that is a positive real sequence defined for all . If
then every solution of the first order delay difference equation
is oscillatory.
Proof Assume that is a positive solution of equation (2.6). First, observe that condition (2.5) implies
Since is decreasing, there exists l such that . If , then summing the equation (2.6) from to , we obtain
which is a contradiction, and therefore, we conclude that , and also , eventually. Therefore, . Substituting this into the equation (2.6) we deduce that is a positive solution of the difference inequality
But this contradicts Lemma 2.5 according to which condition (2.5) ensures that (2.8) has no positive solution. The proof is now complete. □
We conclude this section with the following lemma.
Lemma 2.7 Assume that the difference inequality
has an eventually positive solution, where , is not identically zero, and is a ratio of odd positive integers. Then the difference equation
also has an eventually positive solution.
Proof Let be an eventually positive solution of (2.9). Define a set . Then define a mapping Γ on S as follows:
Define a sequence , , as follows:
Since is a solution of (2.9), we obtain
Summing the last inequality from n to and letting , we obtain
or
By induction, we see that
Hence, exists with . Then we can apply the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem to show that , that is,
Clearly, is an eventually positive solution of (2.10) for all . Since for all , it follows that for all . Hence equation (2.10) has an eventually positive solution for all . This completes the proof. □
3 Oscillation results
In this section, we establish some new oscillation criteria for equation (1.1). To simplify our notation, let us denote
where is sufficiently large. We first study the case .
Theorem 3.1 Let in equation (1.1). Assume that the first order neutral difference inequality
has no positive solution, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof Assume that is a positive solution of equation (1.1). Then the corresponding function satisfies
where we have used the hypotheses (H4) and (H5). From equation (1.1), we have
and
Combining (3.3) and (3.4), we are led to
It follows from Lemma 2.3 that is decreasing, and then
Therefore, (3.6) together with (3.5) ensures that is a positive solution of inequality (3.1). This contradicts our assumption and therefore the proof is complete. □
Remark 3.1 The condition of the hypothesis (H4) is satisfied, for example and .
Remark 3.2 When studying the oscillatory properties of neutral type equations one usually assumes , , , , etc. In Theorem 3.1 no such constraint is involved and what is more we do not impose is is delayed or advanced and accordingly can be delayed or advanced. Hence, our result is of high generality and extends and complements the known ones.
Theorem 3.2 Let in equation (1.1), and assume that
If the first order difference inequality
has no positive solution, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof We assume that is a positive solution of equation (1.1). It follows from Lemma 2.3 and the proof of Theorem 3.1 that is decreasing and it satisfies (3.1). Let us denote .
It follows from (3.7) that
Substituting this term into (3.1), we obtain is a positive solution of (3.8), a contradiction. This completes the proof. □
Adding the restriction that , and using suitable criterion for the absence of positive solutions of equation (3.8) (see e.g. Lemma 2.5), we obtain an easily verifiable oscillation result for equation (1.1).
Corollary 3.1 Assume that , and (3.7) holds. If
and
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof It is easy to see that if (3.10) holds, then
But this condition, according to Lemma 2.5, guarantees that (3.8) has no positive solution and the assertion now follows from Theorem 3.2. □
Now, we turn our attention to the case when is delayed. We use the notation for its inverse function.
Theorem 3.3 Let in equation (1.1), and assume that
If the difference inequality
has no positive solution, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof Assume that is a positive solution of equation (1.1). Then is decreasing solution of (3.1). We denote . Then by (3.11), we have . Substituting this into (3.1), we see that is a positive solution of inequality (3.12), a contradiction. This completes the proof. □
Corollary 3.2 Assume that , , with
and
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof The proof is very similar to that of Corollary 3.1 and hence it is omitted. □
Next, we consider the case , and in equation (1.1).
Theorem 3.4 Let . If the difference inequality
has no positive solution, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof Let be a positive solution of equation (1.1). Then from equation (1.1), we have
and
Combining (3.16) and (3.17), we obtain
By Lemma 2.2, we have
Using (3.19) in (3.18), we obtain
It follows from Lemma 2.3 that is decreasing and so
Using the last inequality in (3.20), we see that is a positive solution of
which is a contradiction. This completes the proof. □
Next, we shall deduce new sufficient conditions for inequality (3.15) to have no positive solutions, to obtain new oscillation criteria for equation (1.1). We shall discuss both the cases when is delayed and advanced.
Theorem 3.5 Let and . If the difference equation
is oscillatory, then so is equation (1.1).
Proof We assume that is a positive solution of equation (1.1). Then it follows from the proof of Theorem 3.4 that is decreasing and it satisfies (3.15). We denote
Then
Substituting this into (3.15), we see that is a positive solution of the difference inequality
It follows from Lemma 2.7 that the associated difference equation (3.21) also has a positive solution, which contradicts the oscillatory nature of equation (3.21). □
Theorem 3.6 Let and . If the difference equation
is oscillatory, then so is equation (1.1).
Proof Assume that is a positive solution of equation (1.1). Then it follows from (3.22) that
or
Using the above inequality in (3.15), we see that is a positive solution of the difference inequality
By Lemma 2.7, the associated difference equation (3.23) also has a positive solution, which is a contradiction. This completes the proof. □
Now, we derive a criterion for equations (3.21) and (3.23) to be oscillatory. Employing this criterion, one can easily verify sufficient conditions for the oscillation of all solutions of equation (1.1).
Applying condition (2.6) to equations (3.21) and (3.23) in view of Theorem 3.5 and Theorem 3.6, immediately we obtain the following oscillatory criteria for equation (1.1).
Corollary 3.3 Let the equation (1.1) with , , , and (3.9). If
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Corollary 3.4 Let the equation (1.1) with , , , and (3.9) with . If
then every solution of (1.1) is oscillatory.
In view of Lemma 2.4, and Theorems 3.5 and 3.6, we have the following oscillation criteria for equation (1.1).
Corollary 3.5 Let the equation (1.1) with , , with , and (3.9). Assume that there exists such that
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Corollary 3.6 Let the equation (1.1) with , , , and (3.9) with . Assume that there exists such that
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Next, we turn our attention to the case and we rewrite our previous results to cover this case.
Theorem 3.7 Let and . If the difference inequality
has no positive solution, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Proof This theorem can be proved exactly as Theorem 3.4; we need to replace the inequality (3.19) by
which follows from Lemma 2.1. □
The following results are equivalent to Theorems 3.5 and 3.6 and the proofs are omitted.
Theorem 3.8 Let and . If the difference equation
is oscillatory, then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Theorem 3.9 Let and . If the difference equation
is oscillatory, then solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Combining Lemma 2.6 with Theorems 3.8 and 3.9, we have the following oscillation criteria for equation (1.1).
Corollary 3.7 Let , , and in equation (1.1). If
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Corollary 3.8 Let , , with in equation (1.1). If
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Combining Lemma 2.4 with Theorems 3.8 and 3.9, we have following results.
Corollary 3.9 Let , , and in equation (1.1). Assume that there exists such that
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
Corollary 3.10 Let , , with in equation (1.1). Assume that there exists such that
then every solution of equation (1.1) is oscillatory.
4 Examples
In this section, we present some examples to illustrate the main results.
Example 4.1 Consider the difference equation
where , , is an integer and . Here , . Condition (3.10) reduces to
If the condition (4.2) is satisfied, then by Corollary 3.1, every solution of equation (4.1) is oscillatory.
If , then condition (3.10) reduces to
If the condition (4.3) holds, then by Corollary 3.2, every solution of equation (4.1) is oscillatory. Hence, we have covered the oscillation of equation (4.1) when is delayed or advanced.
Example 4.2 Consider the difference equation
where , , and , is an integer, and . Here , . Then condition (3.24) reduces to
Therefore, by Corollary 3.3, every solution of equation (4.4) is oscillatory if condition (4.5) holds.
If , then condition (3.25) reduces to
Therefore, by Corollary 3.4, every solution of equation (4.4) is oscillatory if condition (4.6) holds.
Example 4.3 Consider the difference equation
where , , , , . Choose , then condition (3.26) reduces to . Therefore, by Corollary 3.5 every solution of equation (4.7) is oscillatory.
Example 4.4 Consider the difference equation
where , , , , , is an integer. Here . Then condition (3.31) reduces to
Therefore, by Corollary 3.7, every solution of equation (4.8) is oscillatory if condition (4.9) holds.
Further, if , then condition (3.32) reduces to
Therefore, by Corollary 3.8, every solution of equation (4.8) is oscillatory if condition (4.10) holds.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, we have introduced new comparison theorems for investigation of the oscillation of equation (1.1). The established comparison principles reduce the study of the oscillation of the second order neutral difference equations to a study of the oscillation properties of various types of first order difference inequalities, which clearly simplifies the investigation of the oscillation of equation (1.1). Further, the method used here permits us to relax the restrictions usually imposed on the coefficients of equation (1.1). So the results obtained here are of high generality and easily may be applicable, as illustrated with suitable examples.
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This paper was supported by CINAMIL - Centro de Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Inovação da Academia Militar.
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Selvarangam, S., Thandapani, E. & Pinelas, S. Oscillation theorems for second order nonlinear neutral difference equations. J Inequal Appl 2014, 417 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-417
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-417