Abstract
In this paper, we continue the study of contractive conditions for mappings in complete partial metric spaces. Concretely, we present fixed point results for weakly contractive and weakly Kannan mappings in such a way that the classical metric counterpart results are retrieved as a particular case. Special attention to the cyclical case is paid. Moreover, the well-posedness of the fixed point problem associated to weakly (cyclic) contractive and weakly (cyclic) Kannan mappings is discussed, and it is shown that these contractive mappings are both good Picard operators and special good Picard operators.
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1 Introduction
Throughout this paper, the letters ℝ, , ℕ and will denote the set of real numbers, the set of nonnegative real numbers, the set of positive integer numbers and the set of nonnegative integer numbers, respectively.
The celebrated fixed point theorem of Banach asserts the following.
Theorem 1 If is a complete metric space and is a mapping such that
for all and some , then f has a unique fixed point . Moreover, the Picard sequence of iterates converges, for every , to .
In [1], Kannan obtained the following extension of the aforementioned fixed point theorem of Banach to a larger class of mappings, now known as Kannan mappings.
Theorem 2 Let be a complete metric space and let be a mapping such that
for all and some , then f has a unique fixed point . Moreover, the Picard sequence of iterates converges, for every , to .
Another extensions of Banach’s fixed point theorem were given by Kirk, Srinivasan and Veeramani in [2]. They obtained general fixed point theorems for mappings satisfying cyclical contractive conditions. Among other results, the following one was proven in [2].
Theorem 3 Let be a collection of nonempty closed subsets of a complete metric space ( and ). Suppose that there exists such that a mapping satisfies the following conditions:
-
(1)
for all , where ;
-
(2)
for all , and .
Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges, for every , to .
Since Kirk, Srinivasan and Veeramani gave the aforementioned generalizations, intensive research on this topic has provided a wide number of works about mappings satisfying cyclical contractive conditions in metric spaces (see [3] for recent and complete bibliography). In particular, in [4] the following fixed point theorem, which generalizes the aforesaid Kannan fixed point theorem (Theorem 2), for Kannan cyclical contractive mappings was proved.
Theorem 4 Let be a collection of nonempty closed subsets of a complete metric space ( and ). Suppose that there exists such that a mapping satisfies the following conditions:
-
(1)
for all , where ;
-
(2)
for all , and .
Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges, for every , to .
Recently, a large number of fixed point results in the metric context, including Theorems 1, 2, 3 and 4, have been extended to the framework of partial metric spaces. Let us recall that the notion of partial metric space was introduced by Matthews in 1994 as a part of the study of denotational semantics of dataflow networks (see [5] and [6]) and that, thenceforth, partial metric spaces play an important role in constructing models in the theory of computation (for a fuller treatment we refer the reader to [7–12] and [13]).
Let us recall some pertinent definitions of partial metric spaces and some of their properties which can be found in [5].
Definition 5 A partial metric on a nonempty set X is a function such that for all :
(p1) ,
(p2) ,
(p3) ,
(p4) .
A partial metric space is a pair such that X is a nonempty set and p is a partial metric on X.
Note that from the preceding definition, concretely from statements (p1) and (p2), it follows that implies that . However, in general, the fact that does not necessarily imply that . A typical example of this situation is provided by the partial metric space , where the function is defined by for all .
Other examples of partial metric spaces which are interesting from a computational point of view may be found in [14] and [5]. According to [5], each partial metric p on X generates a topology on X which has as a base the family of open p-balls , where for all and . From the preceding fact it immediately follows that a sequence in a partial metric space converges to a point if and only if .
Following [5], a sequence in a partial metric space is called a Cauchy sequence if exists and is finite. Moreover, a partial metric space is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence in X converges, with respect to , to a point such that . An easy, but illustrative, example of complete partial metric space is given by the pair .
It is known (see [5]) that if p is a partial metric on X, then the function given for all by
is a metric on X.
Taking into account the preceding interesting relationship between partial metrics and metrics, the following useful remarks were introduced in [5] (compare [15]).
If a sequence converges in a partial metric space with respect to , then it converges with respect to . Of course, the converse is not true.
A sequence in a partial metric space is Cauchy if and only if it is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space . Moreover, a partial metric space is complete if and only if the metric space is complete. Furthermore, given a sequence in a partial metric space and , one has that
In [5], Matthews obtained a generalization of Banach’s fixed point theorem for partial metric spaces that can be stated as follows.
Theorem 6 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a mapping such that there exists satisfying
for all . Then f has a unique fixed point . Moreover, and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to .
As noted above, an intense research activity on fixed point results in partial metric spaces has been developed in the past years. Thus, a large number of fixed point results in the metric framework have been extended to the partial metric case in such references as [9, 16–40] and [41].
Inspired by the interest aroused by fixed point theory in partial metric spaces, in the present paper, we focus our study on the possibility of extending some metric fixed point theorems for the so-called weakly contractive mappings and weakly Kannan mappings to the context of partial metric spaces.
Let us recall, for the sake of completeness, the both aforementioned notions in the metric framework.
Definition 7 [42]
Let be a metric space. A mapping is said to be weakly contractive provided that
for all , where the function holds, for every , that
Observe that the contractive condition in Definition 7, due to Dugundji and Granas, is mainly based on replacing the constant α in (1.1) (see Theorem 1) by the function .
Definition 8 [43]
Let be a metric space. A mapping is said to be weakly Kannan if there exists which satisfies for every and for all that
and
Observe that the class of mappings, introduced by Ariza-Ruiz and Jimenez-Melando, in Definition 8 is larger than the class of Kannan mappings (i.e., mappings satisfying inequality (1.2) in Theorem 2) such as Example 2.5 in [43] shows.
According to the exposed notions, the following fixed point theorems were proved in [42] and [43], respectively.
Theorem 9 Let be a complete metric space. If is a weakly contractive mapping, then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges, for every , to .
Theorem 10 Let be a complete metric space. If is a weakly Kannan mapping, then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges, for every , to .
As we have mentioned before, we are interested in extending metric fixed point theorems for the so-called weakly contractive mappings and weakly Kannan mappings to the context of partial metric spaces. In particular, and in the light of the both previous results, our objective in this paper is threefold. We introduce the notions of a weakly contractive mapping and a weakly Kannan mapping in the partial metric framework, and we present a partial metric version of Theorems 9 and 10 in such a way that both aforesaid results are retrieved as a particular case when the partial metric is, in fact, a metric. Moreover, motivated in part by the fact that we have not come across a version of Theorems 9 and 10 for the cyclical case in the literature, we prove a cyclical version of both preceding results in the partial metric context providing, as a particular case of our new results, the not found cyclical version of Theorems 9 and 10 for the classical case when we consider again that the partial metric is a metric. Finally, we show the well-posedness of our new fixed point results in the sense of [39] (and also [44]) and, in addition, we prove that the new contractive mappings are good Picard operators and special Picard operators in the spirit of Rus ([45]).
2 Main results
2.1 Weakly contractive and weakly Kannan mappings in complete partial metric spaces: new fixed point results
In this subsection, we prove an extension of Theorems 9 and 10 in complete partial metric spaces. To do this, we first extend the notions of a weakly contractive mapping and a weakly Kannan mapping to our new context.
Definition 11 Let be a partial metric space. A mapping is said to be weakly contractive provided that there exists such that for every ,
and for all ,
Notice that if there exists such that the function given in Definition 11 holds for all , then we retrieve, as a particular case of our notion, the contractive one given by Matthews in [5].
Definition 12 Let be a partial metric space. A mapping is said to be weakly Kannan if there exists which satisfies for every and for all that
and
Of course when the function satisfies that there exists such that for all , we say that the mapping f is a Kannan mapping.
Observe that when the partial metric is exactly a metric, we obtain as a particular case of our new notions those given in Definitions 7 and 8 and in Theorem 2.
The next example shows that there exist weakly contractive mappings in the sense of Definition 11 that are not weakly contractive mappings in the sense of Definition 7.
Example 13 Let represent the restriction of the partial metric on (introduced in Section 1) to the set . Consider the partial metric space .
Define the function by
for all , and the function by
for all .
It is immediate to check that the function holds the requirements in Definition 11, that is, for every .
It is routine to verify that the function f is a weakly contractive function, i.e., that
for all . Observe that, in fact, the function f is contractive in the sense of Matthews (see Theorem 6) since for all .
However, the function f is not a weakly contractive function with respect to the metric (i.e., that f is not weakly contractive with respect to the metric for any choice of a function satisfying all the requirements in Definition 7). Indeed, assume for the purpose of contradiction that there exists satisfying the requirements in Definition 7 such that
for all (note that for all ). Then we obtain that
for all . Whence we deduce that , which provides a contradiction.
In the following example, we show that there exist mappings that are weakly Kannan mappings in the sense of Definition 12 that are not weakly Kannan mappings in the sense of Definition 8.
Example 14 Consider the partial metric space and the function given by
for all . Define the function by
for all . It is clear that for all . Whence we immediately deduce that the function holds all the requirements in Definition 12, i.e., for every . Moreover, it is a simple matter to show that f is a weakly Kannan mapping, i.e.,
for all . Nevertheless, the function f is not a weakly Kannan mapping in the sense of Definition 8 with respect to the metric (i.e., that f is not weakly Kannan with respect to the metric for any choice of a function satisfying all the requirements in Definition 8). To see this, take and . Assume for the purpose of contradiction that there exists which holds all the requirements in Definition 8. Then
It follows that , which contradicts the fact that for all .
In order to present the announced partial metric versions of Theorem 9 and Theorem 10, we prove the following fixed point result where we introduce a contractive condition which mixes the contractive conditions in Definitions 11 and 12.
Theorem 15 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a mapping such that there exists with
for every , and such that
for all . Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
Proof Consider and define the Picard sequence of iterates by
Assume for all because otherwise we have the existence of a fixed point guaranteed. By (2.1), we have
where
Now, we prove that for all , the following inequality holds:
We consider the following two cases:
Case 1. If , then
Case 2. If , then
and so
i.e.,
Then (2.2) holds for all . It follows that the sequence is nonincreasing since , and then it is convergent to a real number
For the purpose of contradiction, assume that . Then for all , we have
and from the definition of , we obtain that . Thus,
for all . Whence we obtain a contradiction since , and hence . Therefore, and . This last fact implies, in turn, that since for all . Moreover, since for all ,
we obtain that .
For , we have
where .
This shows that is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space . Since is complete, we have that is complete. So, the sequence is convergent in the metric space , say to , i.e., . It follows that
This shows that is a convergent sequence in with respect to .
Since is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space , we have that . Moreover, from (2.4), we have , and then from the definition of , we have . Therefore, from (2.5), we have
Now, we prove that . Indeed, assume that . Then from (2.1), we have
for all . Letting in the preceding inequality, we obtain
which is a contradiction. Whence , and hence . So, we have, by statement (p1) in Definition 5, that . Therefore, we have shown the existence of a fixed point such that and that the Picard sequence of iterates converges to with respect to .
To conclude the proof, we only need to prove that uniqueness of a fixed point. To this end, suppose for the purpose of contradiction that there exists another fixed point of f with . Thus, , and we immediately obtain
where . Now, by (2.1) and by the fact that
we have
which is a contradiction. Thus, . □
As a consequence of the preceding theorem, we obtain the following one.
Corollary 16 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a mapping such that there exists with
for every , and such that
for all . Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
As a consequence of Theorem 15, we obtain the announced partial metric versions of Theorems 9 and 10.
Corollary 17 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a weakly contractive mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
Corollary 18 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a weakly Kannan mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
It is clear that Theorems 9 and 10 follow as special cases of Corollaries 17 and 18, respectively, when the partial metric is a metric.
We end this subsection by stressing, on the one hand, that in all above results, we have proved that the Picard sequences of iterates are convergent to the fixed point with respect to , and thus we immediately conclude that such a convergence is also with respect to . On the other hand, it is clear that when, in the statements of the aforementioned results, we replace the partial metric by a metric, we retrieve the classical fixed points results for weakly contractive mappings, Theorem 9, and for weakly Kannan mappings, Theorem 10.
2.2 Weakly contractive and weakly Kannan mappings in complete partial metric spaces: the cyclical case
In this section, we present the extensions of Corollaries 17 and 18 to the cyclical case, i.e., when we consider a cyclical representation of a complete partial metric space and either weakly cyclic contractive mappings or weakly cyclic Kannan mappings.
Inspired, in part, by Theorem 3 (and other results given in [2]), Rus introduced the notion of a cyclic representation in [46] (see also [47] and [48]). According to Definition 2.1 in [46], given a nonempty set X and a mapping , a collection of nonempty subsets of X () is said to be a cyclic representation of X with respect to f provided that the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(1)
;
-
(2)
for all , where .
From now on, for our subsequent work convenience, given a topological space , a nonempty subset and , we will say that a collection of nonempty subsets of X () is a closed cyclic representation of Y with respect to f and τ provided that the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(1)
is a cyclic representation of Y with respect to f;
-
(2)
is closed with respect to τ for all .
In the sequel, given a topological space and a nonempty subset which is closed with respect to τ, we will say, for short, that Y is a τ-closed subset of X. Thus, a collection of nonempty subsets of X () will be called a τ-closed cyclic representation of Y with respect to f provided that is a closed cyclic representation of Y with respect to f and τ.
Notice that if is a partial metric space and is -closed, then Y is -closed. Hence, if is a complete partial metric space and , then is a complete partial metric space provided that Y is -closed.
Next, we extend the notions of a weakly contractive mapping and a weakly Kannan mapping to the cyclical context in the spirit of Definition 1.3 in [47].
Definition 19 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X. A mapping is called a weakly cyclic contractive mapping if the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(1)
is a -cyclic representation of Y with respect to f,
-
(2)
there exists such that for every
and for any ,
Definition 20 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X. A mapping is called a weakly cyclic Kannan mapping if the following conditions are satisfied:
-
(1)
is a -cyclic representation of Y with respect to f,
-
(2)
there exists such that for every
and for any ,
When we consider the partial metric as a metric in Definition 20, we retrieve as a particular case the well-known notion of cyclic Kannan mappings in metric spaces, i.e., the mapping satisfying the contractive condition in Theorem 4 in Section 1. In addition, notice that when the partial metric is in fact a metric, the preceding notion of a weakly Kannan mapping differs from the one for metric spaces given by Petric in [49].
We prove the following result with the aim of extending the aforesaid corollaries to the new context.
Theorem 21 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Let be a mapping such that:
-
(1)
is a -cyclic representation of Y with respect to f,
-
(2)
there exists with
such that for every , and such that
for any , .
Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
Proof Let , and set
For any , there is such that and . Then by (2.6), we have
where is given as in the proof of Theorem 15. Now, following exactly the same arguments as those given in the proof of Theorem 15, we obtain the following facts:
-
(1)
For all ,
and thus the sequence is nonincreasing converging to .(2)
-
(3)
For all ,
where .
The inequality given in assertion (3) guarantees that the sequence is Cauchy in the metric subspace . Since Y is -closed, the subspace is complete. So, the sequence is convergent in to any . Whence we have that
It follows that
Since is a Cauchy sequence in , we obtain that
Thus, from the equality in the above assertion (2), we have , and then from the definition of , we have . Therefore, from (2.7), we deduce that
This shows that the Picard sequence of iterates converges to a point with respect to such that .
Next, we show that .
It is clear that the sequence has an infinite number of terms in each , . Since converges to in , we can construct in each , , a subsequence of which converges to . Moreover, the fact that each , , is -closed yields that for all . Thus,
Then , and we can consider the restriction of the mapping f to ,
which satisfies the conditions of Theorem 15 as is also complete because is -closed and is complete. According to the aforementioned result, has a unique fixed point such that .
Next, we claim that for any initial value , the Picard sequence of iterates has the same limit point . Indeed, let . Then the same arguments as those applied to the Picard sequence of iterates run to show that . Moreover, there exists such that . Since , it follows that . We obtain from (2.6) that
where
Now, we show that the following inequality holds:
We consider the following two cases with this aim:
Case 1. If , then
Case 2. If , then
i.e.,
Therefore, in any case,
Suppose that because otherwise we get the desired conclusion. Then , and hence
It follows that
Moreover, it is easily seen that
for all . Since , we obtain that
for all . It follows that the sequence is nonincreasing, and then it is convergent to a real number
For the purpose of contradiction, assume that . Then for all , we have
and from the definition of , we obtain that for all . Thus,
for all . Whence we obtain a contradiction, since , and hence . Therefore, and .
Taking into account that , we deduce that
Thus, the Picard iteration converges, with respect to , to for any initial point .
Finally, we prove the uniqueness of a fixed point. Assume that there exists such that and . Then , and thus
Moreover, there exists such that . Since we have that . Then from (2.6) and the fact that
we have that
which is a contradiction. Thus, is the unique fixed point of f. This concludes the proof. □
Theorem 21 yields as a particular case the following result.
Corollary 22 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Let be a mapping such that:
-
(1)
is a -cyclic representation of Y with respect to f,
-
(2)
there exists with
such that for every , and such that
for any , .
Then f has a fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
As a consequence of Theorem 21, we obtain the following fixed point results which extend Corollaries 17 and 18 to the cyclic case.
Corollary 23 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic contractive mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
Corollary 24 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic Kannan mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to . Moreover, .
As in the case of the results given in Section 2.1, we want to remark that in all above results, we have obtained that the Picard sequences of iterates are convergent to the fixed point with respect to , and thus the convergence is also with respect to .
Note that if we replace the partial metric by a metric in the statements of Corollaries 23 and 24, we obtain the following metric fixed point results, the publication of which in the literature so far we are not aware of.
Corollary 25 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic contractive mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to .
Corollary 26 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic Kannan mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to .
Furthermore, from Corollary 26, we obtain exactly the fixed point for Kannan mappings given in [4], i.e., Theorem 4 in Section 1.
Corollary 27 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a cyclic Kannan mapping. Then f has a unique fixed point and the Picard sequence of iterates converges with respect to , for every , to .
2.3 Weakly contractive and weakly Kannan mappings in complete partial metric spaces: a Picard operator perspective
According to [39], given a partial metric space , a mapping is a Picard operator provided that f has a unique fixed point and that the Picard sequence of iterates is convergent, for every , to the fixed point with respect to .
In the light of the theory exposed in Sections 2.1 and 2.2, in particular as a consequence of Theorem 15 and Theorem 21, every weakly contractive mapping and every weakly Kannan mapping defined in partial metric spaces are Picard operators in the sense of [39]. However, in partial metric spaces, we can relax the preceding notion as follows.
Definition 28 Let be a partial metric. We will say that a mapping is a Picard operator with respect to p (or p-Picard operator for short) provided that f has a unique fixed point and that the Picard sequence of iterates is convergent, for every , to the fixed point with respect to .
Of course, Theorem 15 and Theorem 21 guarantee that every weakly contractive mapping and every weakly Kannan mapping defined in partial metric spaces are examples of p-Picard operators. It follows that every mapping satisfying the original contractive condition of Matthews given in Theorem 6 is also a p-Picard operator.
Following [39], given a partial metric space and a p-Picard operator with fixed point , we will say that the fixed point problem for such a mapping is well posed with respect to p whenever the following property holds:
If is a sequence in X such that , then converges to with respect to .
The next result yields the well-posedness of the fixed point problem for weakly (cyclic) contractive mappings and for weakly (cyclic) Kannan mappings in our sense.
Theorem 29 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a mapping satisfying all the requirements in the statement of Theorem 15, then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to p if and only if for every sequence in X such that , there exists a subsequence with , where is the unique fixed point of f.
Proof First of all, we prove that the following inequality holds for all with :
where is the fixed point of f provided by Theorem 15.
Since , we have
for all .
Next, we distinguish two cases:
Case 1. Suppose that with such that . Then
It follows that
Case 2. Suppose that with such that . Then
Since
we obtain that
So, we have shown that inequality (2.8) holds for all with .
Now, we assume that the fixed point problem is well posed and consider a sequence in X such that . Then it is clear that there exists a subsequence of such that with (observe that the sequence ). Next, we prove that . To this end, suppose that .
Since the fixed problem is well posed, we have that . Then there exists such that and
for all . It follows that which is a contradiction. We conclude that .
Next, assume that given a sequence in X with , we will show the well-posedness of the fixed point problem. To this end, consider, for the propose of contradiction, that the sequence does not converge to 0. Then there exists and a subsequence of such that
for all .
By (2.8), we have that
for all . Since , we have guaranteed by the hypothesis the existence of a subsequence of such that .
Thus, we obtain that
which is impossible. So, , and thus the sequence is convergent to with respect to . Therefore, the fixed point problem is well posed. □
Notice that the well-posedness yielded by Theorem 29 is in fact with respect to since
for all and .
Corollary 30 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a weakly contractive mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to p if and only if for every sequence in X such that , there exists a subsequence with , where is the unique fixed point of f.
Corollary 31 Let be a complete metric space and let be a weakly contractive mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to d if and only if for every sequence in X such that , there exists a subsequence with , where is the unique fixed point of f.
From Case 2 in the proof of Theorem 29, we obtain the following results.
Corollary 32 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a weakly Kannan contractive mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to p.
Corollary 33 Let be a complete metric space and let be a weakly Kannan contractive mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to d.
The next result, whose proof we omit because it follows the same method as in Theorem 29, is an extension of the previous one to the cyclical case.
Theorem 34 Let be a complete partial metric space, () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Let be a mapping satisfying all the requirements in the statement of Theorem 21, then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to p if and only if for every sequence in Y such that , there exists a subsequence with , where is the unique fixed point of f.
Corollary 35 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic contractive mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to p if and only if for every sequence in Y such that , there exists a subsequence with , where is the unique fixed point of f.
Corollary 36 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic Kannan mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to p.
Corollary 37 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic contractive mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to d if and only if for every sequence in Y such that , there exists a subsequence with , where is the unique fixed point of f.
Corollary 38 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic Kannan mapping. Then the fixed point problem for f is well posed with respect to d.
On account of [45] (see also [47]), given a metric space , a mapping is said to be a good Picard operator if f is a Picard operator such that
for any . Moreover, if is the unique fixed point of the good Picard operator f and
for any , then the mapping f is called a special good Picard operator. Notice that we are assuming that for all .
Recently, the both preceding notions have been extended to the context of partial metric spaces in [19]. Concretely, given a partial metric space , a mapping is said to be a good Picard operator if f is a Picard operator such that
for any . In case is the unique fixed point of the good Picard operator f and
for any , then the mapping f is called a special good Picard operator.
Theorem 39 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a mapping satisfying all the requirements in the statement of Theorem 15, then f is a special good Picard operator.
Proof We have to prove that
for any , where is the fixed point of f. Let . There is no loss of generality in assuming that and that for all .
Now, we show that the following inequality holds:
We consider the following two cases with this aim:
Case 1. If , then
Case 2. If , then
i.e.,
Therefore, in any case,
Furthermore, it is easily seen that
for all . Since and
we have that
with for all .
Since for all , we deduce that
for all . It follows that
for all . Then by the D’Alembert criterion, we obtain that
Therefore, f is a special Picard operator. □
Corollary 40 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a weakly contractive mapping, then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 41 Let be a complete partial metric space and let be a weakly Kannan mapping, then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 42 Let be a complete metric space and let be a weakly contractive mapping, then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 43 Let be a complete metric space and let be a weakly Kannan mapping, then f is a special good Picard operator.
The next result is an extension of Theorem 39 to the cyclical case. We omit its proof because it follows the same method as in the aforesaid theorem.
Theorem 44 Let be a complete partial metric space, and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X. Let be a mapping satisfying all the requirements in the statement of Theorem 21, then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 45 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic contractive mapping. Then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 46 Let be a complete partial metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic Kannan mapping. Then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 47 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic contractive mapping. Then f is a special good Picard operator.
Corollary 48 Let be a complete metric space and () be a collection of nonempty subsets of X and . Suppose that is a weakly cyclic Kannan contractive mapping. Then f is a special good Picard operator.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are in debt to the anonymous referees whose comments helped them to improve the final version of this paper. The third author thanks for the support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, under Grants MTM2009-12872-C02-0 and MTM2012-37894-C02-01, respectively.
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Alghamdi, M.A., Shahzad, N. & Valero, O. On fixed point theory in partial metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 175 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-175
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-175