Abstract
In this paper, we show that some examples in (Mursaleen et al. in Fixed Point Theory Appl. 2012:124, 2012) are not correct. Then, we extend, improve and generalize their results. Finally, we state some examples to illustrate our obtained results.
MSC:47H10, 54H25.
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1 Introduction and preliminaries
In the sequel, let X be a non-empty set. Throughout the text, we use indifferently the notation Y or to denote the product space . Let and be two mappings. From now on, ⪯ will denote a partial order on X, and d will be a metric on X. To determine sufficient conditions in order to ensure the existence of the following kind of points is the main aim of the present manuscript.
Definition 1.1 (See [1])
An element is called a coupled fixed point of a mapping if and .
Definition 1.2 (See [1])
Let be a partially ordered set, and let be a mapping. Then T is said to be non-decreasing with respect to ⪯ if implies , and it is non-increasing (w.r.t. ⪯) if implies for every .
Definition 1.3 (See, e.g., [2])
Let be a partially ordered set. A sequence is said to be non-decreasing with respect to ⪯ if for all n.
Definition 1.4 (See [2])
Let be a partially ordered set, and let d be a metric on X. We say that is regular if for every non-decreasing sequence such that as , there exists a subsequence of such that for all k.
Definition 1.5 (See [1])
Let be a partially ordered set, and let be a mapping. The mapping F is said to have the mixed monotone property if is monotone non-decreasing in x and monotone non-increasing in y, that is, for any ,
and
The partial order ⪯ on X can be induced on in the following way
We say that is comparable to if either or . According to the definitions above, a sequence is non-decreasing with respect to ⪯2 if for all n.
If d is a metric on X, we will consider the metrics defined, for all , by
Notice that is regular if for every non-decreasing sequence such that as , there exists a subsequence of such that for all k.
Given a mapping , the mapping will be defined as follows:
The following result can be easily shown.
Lemma 1.1 (See, e.g., [3])
The following properties hold:
-
(a)
if is complete, then and are complete;
-
(b)
F has the mixed monotone property on if, and only if, is monotone non-decreasing with respect to ⪯2;
-
(c)
is a coupled fixed point of F if and only if is a fixed point of .
Let Ψ be the family of functions satisfying the following conditions:
() ψ is non-decreasing;
() for all , where is the n th iterate of ψ.
These functions are known in the literature as Bianchini-Grandolfi gauge functions in some sources and as -comparison functions in others (see, e.g., [4]). They have a crucial role in fixed point theory (see, e.g., [5–7]). It is easily proved that if ψ is a -comparison function, then for any .
Very recently, Samet et al. [8] introduced the following concepts.
Definition 1.6 Let be a metric space, and let be a given mapping. We say that T is an α-ψ-contractive mapping if there exist two functions and such that
Clearly, any contractive mapping (that is, a mapping satisfying the Banach contraction property associated to ) is an α-ψ-contractive mapping with for all and for all .
Definition 1.7 Let , and let . We say that T is α-admissible if for all , we have
Various examples of such mappings are presented in [8]. The characterization of this notion for the setting of G-metric spaces was considered in [9, 10]. The main results in [8] are the following fixed point theorems.
Theorem 1.1 Let be a complete metric space, and let be an α-ψ-contractive mapping. Suppose that
-
(i)
T is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
T is continuous.
Then there exists such that .
Theorem 1.2 Let be a complete metric space, and let be an α-ψ-contractive mapping. Suppose that
-
(i)
T is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
if is a sequence in X such that for all n and as , then for all n.
Then there exists such that .
Theorem 1.3 Adding to the hypotheses of Theorem 1.1 (resp. Theorem 1.2) the condition ‘For all , there exists such that and ,’ we obtain the uniqueness of the fixed point.
In [8], the authors also mentioned some existing results can be considered as a particular case of their main results, see e.g. [11–19]. Later, Karapınar and Samet [2] extended and generalized the result of Samet et al. [8] by stating the following definitions.
Definition 1.8 Let be a metric space, and let be a given mapping. We say that T is a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of type I if there exist two functions and such that for all , we have
where .
Definition 1.9 Let be a metric space, and let be a given mapping. We say that T is a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of type II if there exist two functions and such that for all , we have
where .
Remark 1.1 Clearly, since ψ is non-decreasing, every α-ψ-contractive mapping is a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of types I and II. Notice also that every generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of type II is also a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of type I.
Karapınar and Samet [2] proved the following theorems.
Theorem 1.4 Let be a complete metric space. Suppose that is a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of type I (respectively, of type II) and satisfies the following conditions:
-
(i)
T is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
T is continuous.
Then there exists such that .
Theorem 1.5 Let be a complete metric space. Suppose that is a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping of type I (respectively, of type II), and the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
T is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
if is a sequence in X such that for all n and as , then there exists a subsequence of such that for all k.
Then there exists such that .
For the uniqueness of a fixed point of a generalized α-ψ-contractive mapping, we will consider the following hypothesis, in which denotes the set of all fixed points of T.
-
(H)
For all , there exists such that and .
Theorem 1.6 Adding condition (H) to the hypotheses of Theorem 1.4 (resp. Theorem 1.5), we obtain that u is the unique fixed point of T.
Inspired by the above mentioned results, Mursaleen et al. [20] characterized the idea to prove the existence and uniqueness of a coupled fixed point. Before starting the main theorem of Mursaleen et al., we recall the basic definition and fundamental results in coupled fixed point theory.
The first result in the existence and uniqueness of fixed point of contraction mapping in partially ordered complete metric spaces was given by Ran and Reurings [21]. Following this initial work, a number of authors have investigated the fixed points of various mappings and their applications in the theory of differential equations. A notion of coupled fixed point was defined by Guo and Laksmikantham [22]. After that, Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [1] proved the existence and uniqueness of a coupled fixed point in the context of partially ordered metric spaces by introducing the notion of mixed monotone property. In that paper, the authors proved the existence and uniqueness of a solution of periodic boundary value problems. After this remarkable paper, the notion of coupled fixed point have attracted attention of a number of authors (see, e.g., [23–47]).
Mursaleen et al. [20] reconsidered the notion of an α-admissible mapping, introduced by Samet et al. [8], in the following way:
Definition 1.10 (See [20])
Let and be two mappings. We say that F is α-admissible if for all , we have
Remark 1.2 Notice that Definition 1.10 is exactly the same with Definition 1.7 by choosing .
The main results in [20] are the following ones.
Theorem 1.7 Let be a partially ordered set, and suppose that there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let be a mapping having the mixed monotone property of X. Suppose that there exist and such that for all , the following holds
for all and . Suppose also that
-
(i)
F is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that
-
(iii)
F is continuous.
If there exist such that and , then F has a coupled fixed point, that is, there exist such that
Theorem 1.8 Let be a partially ordered set, and suppose that there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let be a mapping having the mixed monotone property of X. Suppose that there exist and such that for all , the following holds
for all and . Suppose also that
-
(i)
F is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that
-
(iii)
if and are sequences in X such that and for all n, and and , then and for all n.
If there exist such that and , then F has a coupled fixed point, that is, there exist such that
Theorem 1.9 In addition to the hypothesis of Theorem 1.7, suppose that for every , there exists , such that
and also assume that is comparable to and . Then F has a unique fixed point.
In this paper, we show that coupled fixed point results of Mursaleen et al. [20] can be obtained by usual fixed point theorems. Moreover, by giving an example, we conclude that the main result of Mursaleen et al. [20] is not strong enough to be applied to their own examples. The object of this paper is to extend, improve and generalize their results in a more simple set up. Finally, we also note that the remarks and comments of this paper are also valid for [48].
2 Main results
We start this section by giving an example to show the weakness of Theorem 1.7. First, we notice that the function in Example 3.7 in [20, 48] and the function in Example 3.8 in [20, 48] do not satisfy the mixed monotone property.
Now, we state the following example.
Example 2.1 Let and be the Euclidean metric. Consider a mapping defined by
Define a mapping as
It is clear that F is mixed monotone, but we claim that it does not satisfy condition (5). Indeed, assume that there exists such that
holds for all and . Let us take , in the previous inequality. Hence, and inequality (7) turns into
Recall that for any . Hence, inequality (8) turns into
which is a contradiction. Hence, Theorem 1.7 is not applicable to the operator F in order to prove that is the unique coupled fixed point of F.
We notice that Theorem 1.7 is not strong enough to conclude that F has a coupled fixed point. Inspired by Example 2.1, we suggest the following statement instead of Theorem 1.7.
Theorem 2.1 Let be a partially ordered set, and suppose there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let be a mapping having the mixed monotone property on X. Suppose that there exist and such that for all the following holds
for which and . Suppose also that
-
(i)
F is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that
-
(iii)
F is continuous.
If there exist such that and , then F has a coupled fixed point, that is, there exist such that
Proof Following the lines of the proof of Theorem 1.7, we conclude the result. To avoid the repetition, we omit the details. □
Analogously, instead of Theorem 1.8, we state the following.
Theorem 2.2 Let be a partially ordered set, and suppose that there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let be a mapping having the mixed monotone property on X. Suppose that there exist and such that for all , the following holds
for which and . Suppose also that
-
(i)
F is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that
-
(iii)
if and are sequences in X such that and for all n, and and , then and for all n.
If there exist such that and , then F has a coupled fixed point, that is, there exist such that
Proof Following the lines of the proof of Theorem 1.8, we easily conclude the result. We omit the details. □
Let us reconsider Example 2.1.
Example 2.2 Let , and let be the Euclidean metric. Consider the mapping defined as
Consider the mapping defined by
Clearly, F has a mixed monotone property, and we claim that it also satisfies condition (9). Indeed, if , then the result is straightforward. Suppose . Without loss of generality, assume that and . Then we have that
holds for all and . On the other hand,
Hence, it is sufficient to choose to provide all conditions of Theorem 2.1. Notice that the point is the unique coupled fixed point of F.
Example 2.3 Let , and let be the Euclidean metric. Consider the mapping defined as
Define a mapping as
Then F is mixed monotone and satisfies all conditions of Theorem 2.1. Indeed, if , the result is trivial. Suppose . Without loss of generality, assume that , . Then we have that
holds for all and . On the other hand,
Hence, it is sufficient to choose to provide all conditions of Theorem 2.1. Notice that the point is the coupled fixed point of F.
Now, we improve Example 3.8 in [20] in the following way.
Example 2.4 Let , and let be a Euclidean metric. Consider the mapping defined by
Define the mapping as
Then F is mixed monotone and satisfies all conditions of Theorem 2.1. Indeed, if , the result follows trivially. Suppose . Without loss of generality, assume that and . Then we have
holds for all and . On the other hand,
Hence, it is sufficient to choose , to provide all conditions of Theorem 2.1. Notice that the point is the coupled fixed point of F.
For the uniqueness of the coupled fixed point, we state the following theorem.
Theorem 2.3 In addition to the hypothesis of Theorem 2.1, suppose that for every , there exists such that
and also assume that is comparable to and . Then F has a unique fixed point.
To avoid the repetition, we omit the proof, since the result is easily obtained by following the lines of the proof of Theorem 1.9.
3 From coupled fixed point theorem to usual fixed point theorem
According to the definitions above, we reconsider Definition 1.10 in the following way.
Definition 3.1 Let , and let . The operator F is -admissible if for all , we have
Lemma 3.1 Let , and let . If F is -admissible, then the operator , defined by for all , is α-admissible in the sense of Definition 1.7, that is,
for all , where .
We omit the proof, since it is straightforward.
Remark 3.1 Regarding the definition of , that is,
one can conclude the assumption (15) is very natural but not necessary. For example, consider a partially ordered set , then, we set as in (1). Now, one can define
which is clearly not equal to .
Theorem 3.1 Let be a complete metric space, and let be a mapping. Suppose that there exist and such that the following holds
for all . Suppose also that
-
(i)
F is -admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that
-
(iii)
F is continuous.
Then, there exist such that
Remark 3.2 Theorem 3.1 coincides with Theorem 1.7 if we replace α with in the statement of Theorem 1.7.
Theorem 3.2 Theorem 3.1 follows from Theorem 1.1.
Proof From (17), for all , we have
that is,
for all , where is the metric on Y given by
and for all . Thus, we proved that the mapping satisfies condition (2) and hence all conditions of Theorem 1.1 are satisfied. Then has a fixed point, which implies that F has a coupled fixed point. □
Theorem 3.3 Let be a complete metric space, and let be a mapping. Suppose that there exist and such that the following holds
for all . Suppose also that
-
(i)
F is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that
-
(iii)
if and are sequences in X such that for all n and and , then .
Then, there exist such that
Remark 3.3 Theorem 3.3 coincides with Theorem 1.8 if we replace α with in the statement of Theorem 1.8.
Theorem 3.4 Theorem 3.3 follows from Theorem 1.2.
Proof Following the lines of the proof of Theorem 3.2, we observe that T satisfies condition (2) and hence all conditions of Theorem 1.2 are satisfied. Then has a fixed point, which implies that F has a coupled fixed point. □
Theorem 3.5 In addition to the hypothesis of Theorem 3.2, suppose that for every , there exists such that
and also assume that is comparable to and . Then F has a unique fixed point.
Proof Following the lines of the proof of Theorem 3.2, we observe that T satisfies condition (2) and hence all conditions of Theorem 1.3 are satisfied. Then has a unique fixed point, which implies that F has a unique coupled fixed point. □
Fixed point theorems on metric spaces endowed with a partial order
In the last decades, one of the most attractive research topics in fixed point theory was to prove the existence of fixed point on metric spaces endowed with partial orders. The first result in this direction was reported by Turinici [49] in 1986. Following this interesting paper, Ran and Reurings in [21] characterized the Banach contraction principle in partially ordered sets with some applications to matrix equations. Later, the results in [21, 49] were further extended and improved by many authors (see, for example, [50–54] and the references cited therein). In this section, we will deduce that more general form of Theorem 1.7 (respectively, Theorem 1.8) can be obtained from our Theorem 3.1 (respectively, Theorem 3.2).
We obtain the following result whose analog can be found in [41].
Proposition 3.1 Let be a partially ordered set, and let d be a metric on X such that is complete. Let have a mixed monotone property. Suppose that there exists a function such that
for all with . Suppose also that the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
there exists such that ;
-
(ii)
F is continuous or is regular.
Then F has a coupled fixed point. Moreover, if for all there exists such that and , we have uniqueness of the fixed point.
Proof Define the mapping by
Clearly, is an α-ψ-contractive mapping, that is,
for all . From condition (i), we have . Due to Lemma 1.1, is non-decreasing mapping with respect to ⪯2. Moreover, for all , from the monotone property of , we have
Thus F is -admissible. Hence, due to Lemma 3.1 is α-admissible. Now, if F is continuous, the existence of a fixed point follows from Theorem 3.1. Suppose now that is regular. Let be a sequence in X such that for all n and as . From the regularity hypothesis, there exists a subsequence of such that and for all k. This implies from the definition of that for all k. In this case, the existence of a fixed point follows from Theorem 3.3. To show the uniqueness, let . By hypothesis, there exists such that and , which implies from the definition of that and . Thus, we deduce the uniqueness of the fixed point by Theorem 3.3. □
Now, we state the result of [29] as an easy consequence of Proposition 3.1.
Corollary 3.1 Let be a partially ordered set, and d be a metric on X such that is complete. Let have a mixed monotone property. Suppose that there exists a function such that
for all with , where ⪰2 is defined as in (1). Suppose also that the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
there exists such that ;
-
(ii)
F is continuous or is regular.
Then F has a coupled fixed point. Moreover, if for all there exists such that and , we have uniqueness of the fixed point.
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Karapınar, E., Agarwal, R.P. A note on ‘Coupled fixed point theorems for α-ψ-contractive-type mappings in partially ordered metric spaces’. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2013, 216 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-216
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-216