Abstract
In this paper, sufficient conditions which guarantee the existence of positive periodic solutions for a multi-species cooperation system are obtained. The permanence of solutions is studied. The proof is based on Schauder’s fixed-point theorem. Also, we give a illustrative example in order to indicate the validity of the assumptions.
MSC:54H99.
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1 Introduction
May suggested the following system equations [1] as the mathematical modeling of the pair of mutualist:
where , are densities of the species X, Y at time t, , , , , are positive constants. Subsequently, the nonautonomous version was argued by Cui and Chen [2]. Cui in [3] proposed the following generalization for the N-species cooperation system with continuous time delays:
where , .
On the other hand, in the more realistic situation, the cooperation systems or ecosystems are continuously perturbed via unpredictable forces. These perturbations are generally results of the change in the system’s parameters. In the language of the control theory, these perturbation functions may be regarded as control variables, and consequently, one should ask the question that whether or not an ecosystem can withstand those unpredictable perturbations which persist for a finite periodic time. During the last decade, many scholars did works on the feedback control ecosystems. Some results can be found in [3–7] and the references therein. Chen, Lio, and Huang [6] studied the dynamical behavior of the following non-autonomous N-species cooperation system with continuous time delay and feedback control:
where and are the density of i th cooperation species and control variable, respectively. , , , , , , , and , are all continuous real-valued functions which are bounded above and below by positive constants. Also,
Very recently, Chen and Xie [7] obtained a set of sufficient conditions for permanence of the system above. The study was based on a new integral inequality and the results showed that the feedback control variables have no influence on the permanence of the system. In the present paper, we study the sufficient condition for existence and permanence of the positive periodic solutions of generalized version of the N-species cooperation system (1.2), (1.3) while for each i, time variation of the i th species is affected by external periodic source , i.e.,
Our key tool is the following fixed-point theorem for a proper compact integral operator on the convex subset of infinite dimension Banach space which is originally due to Schauder [8].
Theorem 1.1 (Schauder)
Let X be a Banach space and Λ be a closed, bounded, and convex subset of X. If is a compact operator, then Γ has at least one fixed point on Λ.
Besides, we also invoke the following weak version of Arzela-Ascoli theorem [9].
Theorem 1.2 (Arzela-Ascoli)
Let be a sequence of real functions on which is uniformly bounded and equicontinuous. Then has a uniformly convergent subsequence.
Also, we set,
and for we define ,
and for we define and .
Clearly, and are Banach spaces.
Throughout this paper, we assume that
() , , , , , , , , and , are all positive continuous real-valued functions.
() , .
The following section is arranged based on two main steps: In step 1, we obtain sufficient conditions with guarantee the existence of periodic solutions of each equation of system (1.4)-(1.5) for each . In the proof of existence, we will use the method of Green’s functions according to Mokhtarzadeh et al. [10]. In step 2, we follow Chen [11] to construct a bounded, closed, and convex set in a product space and apply Schauder’s fixed-point theorem.
2 Main results
In this section, we shall study the existence of periodic solutions of the multi-species system (1.4)-(1.5). To do this, we transform this system of couple equations into one integral equation. For each , we introduce the following integral operator on the Banach space ,
The kernel of the integral operator (2.1) is in fact the Green’s function of Eq. (1.2) and is given by
where ; see [12].
Lemma 2.1 Let and , , , and are belong to as well as . Suppose that is a continuous real function such that for some , . Then is a T-periodic solution of Eq. (1.5).
The proof of Lemma 2.1 is similar to the proof of Lemma 3.1 of [10].
According to Lemma 2.1, it may be deduced that the existence problem of T-periodic solution of system (1.4), (1.5) is equivalent to that of the T-periodic solution of the following equation:
For any belong to , and , we define the following integral operator:
Wherein,
and,
Kernel is given by
Lemma 2.2 Let () and () hold and , , , , , , , , as well as x are all belong to as well as . Then is T-periodic function and satisfies the following differential equation:
Proof Appealing to presses of the proof of Lemma 2.1 for operators , and one obtains
and,
The sum of terms above and taking the equality (2.3) into account leads to (2.4). □
Corollary 2.3 Let , , , , , , , , and x all belong to as well as . Let that be a fixed point of the operator , i.e., , then is a solution of Eq. (2.2).
Theorem 2.4 Let
Assume () and () hold, assume further that () for
Then the integral operator maps into and has at least one fixed point.
Proof Let , then
thus
On the other hand,
Consequently,
In addition, since and () are positive functions, we have
and
Therefore, for , belong to and any , we obtain
Also, we have
Thus,
In these regards, based on (2.6) and (2.8) one obtains
This shows that is belong to () and, therefore, the integral operator maps into .
In addition, based on inequality (2.9), we have
Thus,
which shows that is bounded by
Let . For any , one obtains
This implies that is Lipschitzan with Lipschit constance M. In this way, for given , if we consider , then
Consequently, for any the family is equicontinuous on .
Suppose is a sequence on , . Thus, as a sequence of functions on is equicontinuous. Appealing to the Arzela-Ascoli theorem, there exist a subsequent denoted by , which is uniformly convergence on . This means that is convergent on and consequently, is compact. Appealing to Schauder’s fixed-point theorem, has at least a fixed point on . □
We emphasize that according to Corollary 2.3, for any , and belong to fixed point of is the positive T-periodic solutions of Eq. (2.2) or equivalently, T-periodic solution of the nonlinear population system (1.3) and (1.4).
Let and (), (), and () hold. Based on Theorem 2.4 for , operator has at least a fixed point in . Let denote the set of fixed points of . Applying the Axiom of Choice, we chose a representative point, say , in i.e.,
We introduce the following operator on :
Theorem 2.5 Let (), (), and () hold. Then operator defined by (2.11) has at least a fixed point on .
Proof It is obvious that is bounded on B. Also, according to inequality (2.10), we have
Thus,
For given , if we consider , then
which shows that is equicontinuous on [0,T]. In this regard, any sequence, say in satisfies all the conditions of the Arzela-Ascoli theorem on [0,T]. Hence, has a subsequence such that is uniformly convergent on [0,T]. This shows that is relatively compact in B.
In the sequel, we show that is continuous. We define the following map on ,
Wherein, . For each , the partial derivative exist and straightforward calculation shows
Also, in the case ,
We set , wherein,
and,
Therefore,
Based on property (2.15) and by induction, one can obtain
where is a specific polynomial in terms of σ.
Let be a sequence belong to and as . Let . According to relative compactness of in B, there exist a subsequence of and such that , uniformly, in B as . It is obvious that for any q, we have
Or equivalently,
Based on property (2.16), we have
Therefore,
converges to
uniformly, as for all and .
Thus, derivative exist on and
Or equivalently,
for all and .
Consequently, based on definition of map we have . Also, . Thus, we obtain
Hence, , which it shows that is continuous on .
Therefore, applying Schauder’s fixed-point theorem, map has a fixed point , i.e.,
Or equivalently,
Finally, this indicate that is a positive periodic solution of system of Eq. (2.2) or equivalently, T-periodic solution of the multi-species cooperation system (1.3) and (1.4). This completes the proof of the theorem. □
2.1 Permanence of system
Let . We consider the system (1.4), (1.5) together with the following initial conditions:
Lemma 2.6 (see [6])
If , and , when and , we have
Theorem 2.7 Let (), (), () hold and be any solution differential equation (2.2) and with
be the solution of system (1.5) with initial condition (2.19). Then solution of system (1.4), (1.5) is permanent, i.e., there exist and , , , and () such that
Proof Since for any , appealing to the proof of the Lemma 2.3 given in [6] we can immediately demonstrate that there exist a such that
where
while and .
On the other hand, from Lemma 2.1 and inequality (2.5), we have
then by Lemma 2.6, for arbitrary , there exist such that
Since ϵ is arbitrary small, one may assume that
Thus,
□
Remark 2.8 For the system without the external source, the sets must be replaced by
Similar calculation shows that condition () is reduced to the following one:
3 Illustrative example
Consider the following 2-species cooperation system with delay, feedback control, and external source
Wherein,
With due attention to the data above, we have
and
Therefore, the condition () in Theorem 2.4 is valid for our examples.
4 Conclusion
In this paper, we investigate the existence and permanence of periodic solutions for a multi-species cooperation system with continuous time delays, feedback control and periodic external source. Suppose that
() , , , , , , , , and , are all positive continuous real-valued functions,
() ,
()
for , where
Then the following multi-species cooperation system:
admits at least one T-periodic solution. In order to indicate the validity of the assumptions made in our results, we also treat a illustrative example.
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Nasertayoob, P., Vaezpour, S.M. Permanence and existence of positive periodic solution for a multi-species cooperation system with continuous time delays, feedback control, and periodic external source. Adv Differ Equ 2012, 156 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-156
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2012-156