Abstract
RAPD profiles of 121 olive cultivars were compared to those of 20 natural oleaster populations from eastern and western parts of the Mediterranean Basin. Considering the proximities of RAPD profiles between cultivars and eastern or western oleaster populations, clear differences appeared between groups of cultivars. Cultivars from Israel, Turkey, Syria, Greece and Sicily were, with very few exceptions, close to the eastern group of oleasters; in contrast, clones from Continental Italy, Continental France, Corsica, Spain and the Maghreb were closer to the western group. This genetic structure is coherent with a local selection of cultivars all around the Mediterranean Basin. The cultivars were also characterised for their mitochondrial cytotype. This information led to the conclusion that a great majority (103 of 121) of the cultivars originated by maternal descent from the eastern populations as they carry the mitotypes ME1 or ME2. However, the selection process, which involved hybridisation by pollen from local populations, could have led to an RAPD profile closer to western than to eastern natural populations. Furthermore, the other cultivars with the western mitotypes MOM or MCK generally kept a nuclear RAPD profile close to the profile of western natural populations. Consequently, they could result from exclusively local material (as for Corsica). Cultivars displaying such mitotypes could also have been selected in hybrids or introgressed genotypes between western local oleasters and the introduced eastern varieties used as male parents, restoring an eastern RAPD type. Therefore, the process of olive domestication appeared as disymmetrical: the western Mediterranean is probably a zone where olive trees from the East, once introduced, have been hybridised and back-crossed with the indigenous olives.
Résumé
Les profils RAPD de 121 cultivars d’olivier ont été comparés à ceux de 20 populations naturelles d’oléastres de l’Est et de l’Ouest de la Méditerranée. En considérant les proximités des profils RAPD entre les cultivars de l’Est et de l’Ouest et les populations, des différences nettes apparaissent entre les groupes de cultivars. Les cultivars d’Israël, Turquie, Syrie, Grèce et Sicile sont, avec peu d’exceptions, proches des oléastres de l’Est; à l’opposé les clones d’Italie continentale, de France continentale de Corse, d’Espagne et du Maghreb sont proches des oléastres de l’Ouest. Cette structure génétique est cohérente avec une sélection locale des cultivars tout autour du Bassin Méditerranéen. Les cultivars ont aussi été caractérisés par le cytotype mitochondrial. Cette information montre que la grande majorité (103 sur 121) des cultivars porte les mitotypes ME1 ou ME2, et aurait donc une origine maternelle dans les populations de l’Est. Cependant, le processus de sélection qui implique l’hybridation par le pollen des populations locales, pourrait mener à avoir un profil RAPD plus proche des populations de l’Ouest que des populations naturelles de l’Est. En outre, les autres cultivars avec les mitotypes de l’Ouest MOM ou M CK, ont généralement conservé un profil RAPD proche des populations naturelles de l’Ouest. En conséquence, elles pourraient résulter de formes exclusivement locales (comme en Corse). Cependant, les cultivars qui portent de tels mitotypes pourraient aussi avoir été sélectionnés à partir d’hybrides ou de génotypes introgressés entre les oléastres de l’Ouest et les variétés, introduites de l’Est, utilisées comme parent mâle, conduisant à un profil RAPD de l’Est. Le processus de domestication de l’olivier apparaît dissymétrique: la Méditerranée de l’Ouest serait une zone où les oliviers de l’Est, une fois introduits, aurait été hybridés et rétro-croisés avec les oliviers indigènes.
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Abbreviations
- ME1:
-
Mitotype “eastern Mediterranean n°l”
- ME2:
-
Mitotype “eastern Mediterranean n°2”
- MOM:
-
Mitotype “western Mediterranean”
- MCK:
-
Mitotype characteristic of the cultivar Chemlal de Kabylie (western Mediterranean).
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Besnard, G., Baradat, P., Breton, C. et al. Olive domestication from structure of oleasters and cultivars using nuclear RAPDs and mitochondrial RFLPs. Genet Sel Evol 33 (Suppl 1), S251 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03500883
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03500883