Background

Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer in the world (4.9% of all cases). It is the sixth leading cause of death from cancer, causing 3.2% of deaths [1, 2]. In 2012, the estimated worldwide incidence was 455,800, with a mortality rate of 400,200 [3, 4]. The two main histological types are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma [3]. In the areas with the greatest risk, which span from northern Iran through central Asia to the central-northern China (known as the “esophageal cancer belt”), 90% of cases are squamous cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma is also the principal histological type worldwide [2].

The importance of individual risk factors in the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus varies by geographic region [3, 4]. Principal among the risk factors are consumption of alcohol and tobacco, with the same “field of cancerization” leading to squamous carcinomas of the head, neck, and lungs. Other risk factors are caustic esophageal stenosis, previous radiation therapy, achalasia, nutritional deficiencies (mainly zinc and selenium), low fruit and vegetable intake, diets high in N-nitroso compounds and red meat, diets low in folate, low socioeconomic status, poor oral hygiene, and ingestion of hot liquids [2–4].

Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive disease, with a mortality rate of 88% [1]. Overall 5-year survival between 2002 and 2008 was estimated to be 16.9% [2]. Although survival rates are increasing, they remain low [2]. This is because most cases are diagnosed when the disease is in advanced stages [2]. One reason for late diagnosis is the aggressiveness of the disease: the cancer quickly invades the submucosa and affects regional lymph nodes at an early stage, since the lymphatics are located in the lamina propria of the esophagus, in contrast to the rest of the gastrointestinal tract, where they are located below the muscularis mucosa [4]. Another important reason is that the early lesions are asymptomatic and changes in the mucosa are subtle, which easily go unnoticed during endoscopic examination [2, 4]. Distant metastasis to the liver, bones, and lungs is found in approximately 30% of patients, and in this group, the average 5-year survival rate is 3.4% [2, 4]. This rate goes up to 37.8% in patients receiving diagnosis when the disease is restricted to the esophagus, which occurs in 22% cases [2].

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy combined with biopsy is the method of choice for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Technological advancements have brought an improvement in image quality, making it easier to identify not only easily visualized advanced neoplasms but also subtle changes that may correspond to early stages of the disease. Even with the substantial improvement in image quality, it is not always easy to identify these lesions. They may be faint reddish changes and irregularities in the mucosal relief, which can easily pass unnoticed in examination with white light. Esophageal chromoscopy with Lugol’s solution has been shown to increase the sensitivity of the lesion detection [5, 6].

In addition to improvements in image quality and magnification, technology has evolved to allow endoscopy with chromoscopy using virtual methods. As with conventional chromoscopy, these methods aim to enhance the surface mucosa and the underlying capillary pattern in the endoscopic examination, but do not require the application of dye to the esophagus. Principal among the advantages of virtual methods of endoscopic chromoscopy is practicality: they involve simply pressing a button, they do not cause chest discomfort (which is common when using Lugol’s solution), they bear no risk of pulmonary aspiration of the dye or allergic reaction, and they provide a safe assessment of the upper third of the esophagus. Disadvantages include the high cost of the device, which decreases accessibility. Ishihara et al. demonstrated lower sensitivity of narrow band imaging (NBI) when compared to chromoscopy with Lugol’s solution among inexperienced endoscopists, with an increase over the course of the study. For experienced endoscopists, sensitivity levels were consistent between the two methods [7]. Yokoyama et al. showed that NBI without magnification is suitable for esophageal assessment when searching for a neoplasm in a high-risk population, even without high-definition imagery [8].

Virtual chromoscopy methods have been studied and compared to white light and conventional chromoscopy in terms of diagnostic accuracy. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the ability of NBI to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and to compare the results to those of chromoscopy with Lugol’s iodine solution. We use pathological results of biopsies or of dried sections as the gold standard.

This systematic review is necessary because publications comparing these two methods have found varying results. Considering the fact that NBI has the advantage of not using vital dye, consistent accuracy would be desirable for the use of NBI in clinical practice. We will investigate this variation in an attempt to find the best current evidence.

Methods

Protocol and registration

A protocol was established and documented prior to the beginning of the study in order to specify the eligibility criteria and methods of analysis for the studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. This protocol can be accessed at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO. Its registration number is CRD42016037008.

Eligibility criteria

Types of studies

This systematic review included all studies from which data extraction was possible in order to calculate the diagnostic accuracy of NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy in esophageal assessment for the identification of high-grade dysplasia and/or squamous cell carcinoma, regardless of the primary outcome defined by the author. The meta-analysis used only studies which directly or indirectly supplied all the data necessary to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood values by patient and/or by lesion, which are analyzed separately in the current review. No abstracts or data from unpublished research were accepted. There were no restrictions in terms of language or date of publication.

Types of participants

There were no restrictions as to sex, age, risk factors, or previous diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in the study participants. According to the results, a subgroup analysis was performed if necessary.

Types of intervention

The intervention studied was upper GI endoscopy conducted by experienced endoscopists, in which the esophagus was assessed using NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy in order to identify high-grade dysplasia and/or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. We included studies that used and did not use magnification findings, and neither the device diameter (conventional or ultra-thin) nor the concentration of Lugol’s solution were taken into account. The gold standard for comparing the two methods was the results of pathological analysis of the biopsies or dried sections of the suspicious lesions identified by both methods.

Types of outcome measures

The primary outcome was the diagnostic accuracy testing for NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy in identifying high-grade dysplasia and/or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Sources of information

In order to find articles, searches were conducted in virtual databases. There were no restrictions as to language. The databases used in the searches were PubMed/Medline (all years), Scopus (1988-present), Cochrane Central Register of Randomised Controlled Trials/CENTRAL (all years), LILACS (all years), and Cinahl (all years). The date of the last study in all the databases was 11/25/2015.

Search

The search strategies that were utilized varied depending on the database and are specified below:

  • PubMed/Medline: (esophagus OR esophageal) AND (neoplasms OR cancer OR squamous cell carcinoma OR dysplasia OR dysplastic) AND (narrow band imaging OR optical imaging OR nbi OR chromoendoscopy OR lugol OR iodine OR virtual imaging OR fice OR flexible spectral imaging color enhancement OR i-scan OR bli OR blue laser imaging OR endoscopy OR endoscopic) AND (diagnosis/broad[filter]);

  • LILACS and Cochrane/CENTRAL: Esophageal cancer AND (narrow band imaging OR NBI);

  • Scopus: (esophagus OR esophageal) AND (neoplasms OR cancer OR squamous cell carcinoma OR dysplasia OR dysplastic) AND (narrow band imaging OR optical imaging OR nbi OR chromoendoscopy OR lugol OR iodine OR virtual imaging OR fice OR flexible spectral imaging color enhancement OR i-scan OR bli OR blue laser imaging OR endoscopy OR endoscopic);

  • Cinahl: (Esophageal cancer or esophageal Squamous Cell carcinoma) and (narrow band imaging or nbi).

Study selection

The articles were initially selected after an assessment of the titles and abstracts in order to assess the relevancy of the full text. This process was carried out by two independent reviewers, and differences were resolved after a discussion and consensus with the participation of all of the authors of the current review.

The meta-analysis excluded retrospective studies, as well as studies in which the examinations were performed by inexperienced endoscopists or when low-grade dysplasia was considered as the target lesion (true positive), since it is not possible to distinguish these from high-grade dysplasias or squamous cell carcinoma for data collection. Also excluded were data from studies aimed at evaluating other outcomes that did not contain at least one patient evaluated using Lugol chromoendoscopy and NBI.

Data collection process

The data were collected from the absolute numbers that were directly provided or were inferred through the information reported in the text. These were placed into 2 × 2 tables and separated for analysis by patient and/or by lesion according to the data that could be extracted from each article. These tables separated the true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives. The meta-analysis only included studies that provided all the information necessary to completely fill in the table for at least one kind of analysis. Those which provided all of the data for analysis in the two subgroups were included in both. The entire process was completed by two independent authors and revised by all authors. Differences were resolved after a discussion and consensus among the authors.

Data items

The criteria considered for the positivity of the methods in the meta-analysis were the same as those established by the authors, as long as they were suitable. We considered the presence of brownish areas (BAs) in evaluation with NBI to be fundamental, regardless of the magnification findings. In cases of Lugol chromoendoscopy, lesions measuring 5 mm or more in size that were not stained by iodine were considered fundamental, regardless of pink-color sign.

The criteria that could be used for lesions to be subjected to histopathological evaluation were the positive results using Lugol chromoendoscopy and/or NBI, or the positivity of only Lugol chromoendoscopy. Evident lesions of the esophagus (in other words, lesions that were easily identified by any method) were either considered or not considered for calculation in the meta-analysis depending on whether they were excluded by the author of the study in question.

Risk of bias in individual studies

The quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis was assessed by two independent reviewers based on the pre-defined criteria and discussed with the entire group. We used the revised version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) as a tool in this process. The QUADAS-2 criteria were used to assess the risks of biases and applicability in patient selection, in the methods in which the esophageal chromoscopies were conducted and interpreted, the way in which the lesions were classified using anatomical pathology, and their clinical significance. The risk of bias in the flow and time interval in which the tests were performed was also assessed.

The risk of bias in patient selection was also considered, and case-control or retrospective studies were excluded beforehand. We considered prospective and randomized studies with homogeneity between the two groups to be suitable, as well as cross-sectional studies in which both methods were evaluated in the same patient. Studies that excluded subtle lesions that were difficult to identify were considered inadequate with high risk of bias. Applicability was considered low when the selected patients were not at high risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus or when diagnosis of the disease had already been established without being previously cured.

When the endoscopist knew the pathology results of the recent esophageal biopsy or Lugol chromoendoscopy before conducting NBI, the study was considered to be unsuitable in the risk of bias assessment in the index test. With respect to the applicability of the methods, we evaluated whether a standardization of a well-established, suitable criteria was used to consider a lesion positive. For a lesion to be considered positive in NBI, BAs between the criteria were necessary. In Lugol chromoendoscopy the negative-iodine area was required to be greater than or equal to 5 mm.

With regard to the risk of bias and the applicability of the gold standard test, the pathologist had to be blinded to the method that was positive, showing the lesion and permitting its biopsy. Studies which considered low-grade dysplasias to be true positives, which provided sufficient data to distinguish them from high-grade dysplasia and squamous cell carcinomas, were included in the meta-analysis, and this separation was made in the calculations. These studies were considered to be at increased risk for biases and to have low applicability, since they did not differentiate lesions requiring intervention from those requiring monitoring.

To assess the risk of biases in flow and time, we considered cross-sectional studies in which NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy were performed sequentially in the same procedure to be suitable. In prospective studies, patients needed to be randomized to one of the groups, and the tests needed to be carried out at the same time using similar imaging technology. Following the QUADAS-2, we assessed whether the gold standard of histopathology was performed in all patients and whether histopathological evaluation was applied to all of the lesions identified, whether by Lugol chromoendoscopy or only by NBI. We also determined whether all patients were included in the analysis.

Summary measures and planned methods of analysis

In the meta-analysis, we calculated and showed sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood values in forest plots. We also created summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curves and estimates of the areas under the curves. All of these variables were subjected to per-patient and per-lesion analyses. I-square was used to evaluate heterogeneity. Due to the high heterogeneity among the studies, the Dersimonian Laird random effects model was used for calculation. The sROC curves were created using the Moses-Littenberg linear model.

Meta-DiSc version 1.4 software was used (Unit of Clinical Biostatistics, Ramo e Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain).

Results

Study selection

In the searches conducted in the PubMed/Medline, LILACS, Cochrane CENTRAL, Scopus, and Cinahl databases, 7079 articles were identified. Of these, 7052 were excluded after evaluation of the title and abstract showed they were not related to the topic under study. Of the remaining 27 studies, seven were excluded for not using Lugol’s iodine solution in comparison with NBI [9–15] and one was excluded because it did not permit the diagnostic accuracy of the methods to be assessed. In this study, 25 endoscopists used a scale to assess the ease of identifying lesions in photos in each method [16].

The 19 remaining articles were assessed in full. One of these, in which the objective was to compare the tolerability of NBI to that of Lugol chromoendoscopy, was excluded because no patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated using NBI [17].

Eighteen studies were included in the systematic review, but six were not included in the meta-analysis for the following reasons: Two studies considered low-grade dysplasias to be true positives, and it was not possible to separate and analyze the data from these studies, which consider them to be false positives [18, 19]. Two did not provide complete data to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy values in either the per-patient or per-lesion analysis [7, 20]. In one, the examinations were performed by inexperienced endoscopists [8]; and in another, the data were collected retrospectively [21].

The quantitative analysis was performed in twelve studies [22–33].

Study characteristics

The twelve studies considered in the meta-analysis provided all the data necessary to compare the diagnostic accuracy of NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy, whether in a per-patient or a per-lesion analysis, for a total of 1911 patients (Table 1). Of these, eleven studies were cross-sectional, and one was a prospective, randomized, controlled study. In the cross-sectional studies, both NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy were performed sequentially in all patients-first NBI followed by Lugol chromoendoscopy in the same examination. In the randomized prospective study, the patients were separated into two homogeneous groups and each group was assessed using only one of the methods; the author compared the pink-color sign in iodine-negative areas of Lugol chromoendoscopy to capillary changes in the BAs in NBI [22].

Table 1 Studies characteristics
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The criteria for inclusion of the articles selected for the meta-analysis varied. Ten studies evaluated a high-risk population; of these, nine included patients with a history of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region or the esophagus [22–25, 28–30, 32], one included patients with achalasia [26], and one did not specify [33]. One study evaluated the methods in patients who already had a diagnosis of pre-malignant lesions or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus [31]. The other study evaluated the methods in the general population [27].

The gold standard for all the studies was histopathological assessment of the lesions, but this analysis was only possible when at least one of the methods found any suspicious lesions. Patients without suspicious lesions as determined by the two methods were not subjected to histopathological evaluation and were considered true negatives. The criteria for obtaining the material for histopathological analysis also varied between the studies: any iodine-negative area and/or BAs, iodine-negative areas greater than or equal to 5 mm in size and/or BAs, or only iodine-negative areas greater than 5 mm. In these studies, BAs that stained with Lugol’s solution or Lugol voiding lesions smaller than 5 mm were not subjected to histopathological analysis were considered disease-free. No study conducted random biopsies on patients without suspicious areas.

The criteria to consider a lesion suspicious using NBI and Lugol chromoendoscopy were not consistent among the studies. All of the studies and the inclusion criteria of this review included BAs in NBI among the findings, whether they were associated with capillary changes or not. In Lugol chromoendoscopy, iodine-negative areas greater than or equal to 5 mm were included, regardless of pink-color sign.

Risk of bias within studies (Table 2)

Table 2 Studies characteristics
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In assessing risk of bias in patient selection, we found that nine studies (75%) presented low risk and that the other three (25%) presented moderate risk. The risk index test was low in ten studies (83%) and moderate in two (17%). With regard to the gold standard, nine (75%) exhibited low risk; two (17%), high risk; and one (8%), undetermined. Flow and time risk was low in four studies (33%), moderate in six (50%), and high in two (17%).

The applicability of patient selection was high in ten studies (83%) and low in two (17%). The index test was high in nine studies (75%), low in two (17%), and undetermined in one (8%). The gold standard was high in nine studies (75%), low in two (17%), and undetermined in one (8%).

Results of individual studies and Syntheses of results (see NBI and Lugol graphs)

In the per-patient analysis, eight studies (1123 patients) were analyzed. Of these, high-grade dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was diagnosed in 149 patients (13.26%). Sensitivity of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 92% (95% confidence interval (CI), 86 to 96% and heterogeneity, 50.1%) (Fig. 1). Sensitivity of NBI was 88% (95% CI, 86 to 93% and heterogeneity, 43%) (Fig. 2), and there was no significant difference between the methods. Specificity of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 82% (95% CI, 80 to 85% and heterogeneity, 91.8%) (Fig. 3). Specificity of NBI was 88% (95% CI, 86 to 90% and heterogeneity, 89.7%) (Fig. 4). These results demonstrate that NBI specificity is significantly superior to that of Lugol chromoendoscopy. Positive likelihood ratio for Lugol chromoendoscopy was 5.42 (95% CI, 3.21 to 9.13 and heterogeneity, 89.6%) (Fig. 5) and for NBI was 8.32 (95% CI, 4.42 to 15.66 and heterogeneity, 89.2%) (Fig. 6); there was no statistically significant difference between the methods. Negative likelihood ratio for Lugol chromoendoscopy was 0.13 (95% CI, 0.08 to 0.23 and heterogeneity, 5.7%) (Fig. 7) and for NBI was 0.16 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.24 and heterogeneity, 0%) (Fig. 8), and there was no statistically significant difference between the methods. The post-test probability of Lugol chromoendoscopy in the studied population was 0.44; the probability of NBI was 0.54. The area under the sROC curve for Lugol chromoendoscopy was 0.9559 (Fig. 9); for NBI, this value was 0.9611 (Fig. 10).

Fig. 1
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s sensitivity per-patient analysis

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Fig. 2
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Forest plot: NBI’s sensitivity per-patient analysis

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Fig. 3
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s specificity per-patient analysis

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Fig. 4
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Forest plot: NBI’s specificity per-patient analysis

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Fig. 5
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s positive likelihood ratio per-patient analysis

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Fig. 6
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Forest plot: NBI’s positive likelihood ratio per-patient analysis

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Fig. 7
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s negative likelihood ratio per-patient analysis

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Fig. 8
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Forest plot: NBI’s negative likelihood ratio per-patient analysis

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Fig. 9
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Summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve for Lugol chromoendoscopy in per-patient analysis

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Fig. 10
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Summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve for NBI in per-patient analysis

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The per-lesion analysis considered nine articles with a total of 746 lesions. Of these, 206 (27.61%) were high-grade dysplasias or squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. Sensitivity of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 98% (95% CI, 95 to 99% and heterogeneity, 3.3%) (Fig. 11). NBI sensitivity was 94%, (95% CI, 90 to 97% and heterogeneity, 0%) (Fig. 12), and there was no statistically significant difference between the methods. Specificity of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 37%, (95% CI, 33 to 41% and heterogeneity, 97.5%) (Fig. 13). NBI specificity was 65%, (95% CI, 60 to 69% and heterogeneity, 91.5%) (Fig. 14). These results demonstrate that NBI specificity is superior to that of Lugol chromoendoscopy, with statistical significance. Positive likelihood ratio for Lugol chromoendoscopy was 1.4, (95% CI, 0.79 to 2.51 and heterogeneity, 99.1%) (Fig. 15). In the case of NBI, this value was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.56 to 4.41 and heterogeneity, 93.1%) (Fig. 16), and there was no statistically significant difference between the methods. Negative likelihood ratio for Lugol chromoendoscopy was 0.39, (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.71 and heterogeneity, 62.8%) (Fig. 17) and for NBI was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.07 to 0.21 and heterogeneity, 0%) (Fig. 18), and there was no statistically significant difference between the methods. The post-test probability of Lugol chromoendoscopy for the lesions identified in the studied population was 0.37, while the same probability of NBI was 0.50. The area under the sROC curve in the case of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 0.9685 (Fig. 19); in the case of NBI, this value was 0.9587 (Fig. 20).

Fig. 11
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s sensitivity per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 12
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Forest plot: NBI’s sensitivity per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 13
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s specificity per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 14
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Forest plot: NBI’s specificity per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 15
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s positive likelihood ratio per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 16
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Forest plot: NBI’s positive likelihood ratio per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 17
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Forest plot: Lugol chromoendoscopy’s negative likelihood ratio per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 18
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Forest plot: NBI’s negative likelihood ratio per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 19
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Summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve for Lugol chromoendoscopy in per-lesion analysis

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Fig. 20
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Summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve for NBI in per-lesion analysis

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Discussion

Summary of evidence

Considering the need to identify subtle changes in the esophageal mucosa for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma in early stages with healing potential, various methods are being studied. Traditionally, esophageal chromoscopy with Lugol’s iodine solution is used in high-risk patients to increase the rate of detection for these lesions relative to white light esophagoscopy [5, 6]. Because of the risks of complications inherent to the use of this dye and because its application is not practical, other methods have been developed and compared. One of these methods is NBI, which is desirable because of its convenience and because it eliminates the risks inherent to the use of Lugol’s solution while providing comparable diagnostic accuracy.

The meta-analysis conducted in this systematic review showed no statistically significant differences between the sensitivity of Lugol chromoendoscopy and that of NBI for diagnosing high-grade dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in a per-patient or per-lesion analysis. These sensitivities were as follows: Lugol chromoendoscopy per-patient and per-lesion: 92 and 88%, respectively, and NBI per-patient and per-lesion: 98 and 94%, respectively. Most of the published papers came to the same conclusion, except for two [18, 19]. These two included low-grade dysplasia in the true positives, a finding that was regarded as a methodological error in this review and consequently excluded from the meta-analysis.

As the articles showed, specificities of NBI were superior to those of Lugol chromoendoscopy with statistical significance, both in per-patient and a per-lesion analysis. These specificities were as follows: NBI per-patient and per-lesion: 88 and 82%, respectively, and Lugol chromoendoscopy per-patient and per-lesion: 65 and 37%, respectively.

Considering the calculations of this meta-analysis, the positive and negative likelihood values for Lugol chromoendoscopy in per-lesion analysis failed to obtain statistical significance. This is because its CI includes the number 1, which corresponds to the neutral number.

In the per-patient analysis, the positive likelihood value of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 5.42. This finding demonstrates that Lugol chromoendoscopy on a suspicious area increased the 13.26% risk in the studied population to 45%. The positive likelihood value for NBI was 8.32, increasing the risk of this population to 56% when the test was positive. There was no statistically significant difference between the methods. Similarly, the post-test probability calculation showed that the risk of high-grade dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in patients with suspicious areas detected in Lugol chromoendoscopy in this population was 44%, while in chromoendoscopy with NBI, this risk was 54%. The negative likelihood value of Lugol chromoendoscopy was 0.13, indicating that patients without suspicious lesions in Lugol chromoendoscopy have their initial disease risk reduced to 1.9%. The value for negative likelihood for NBI was 0.16, taking initial risk reduction to 2.3%. There was no statistically significant difference between the methods.

In the per-lesion analysis, the positive and negative likelihood values for Lugol chromoendoscopy were 2.62 and 0.12, respectively. This finding demonstrated that for each positive lesion in NBI, the initial risk of 27.61% for lesions in general rises to 50%, and for each negative lesion, this risk drops to 4%. The post-test probability calculation showed that the risk of high-grade dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma for suspicious areas in Lugol chromoendoscopy in this population was 37%, while in chromoendoscopy with NBI, this risk was 50%.

The areas under the sROC curve in the per-patient analysis were 0.9559 for Lugol chromoendoscopy and 0.9611 for NBI, demonstrating good accuracy of the methods with no significant difference between them. In the per-lesion analysis, these areas were 0.9685 for Lugol chromoendoscopy and 0.9587 for NBI. However, the CI in the sROC curve for Lugol chromoendoscopy was found to be very extensive, a finding that suggests low credibility. NBI also demonstrated good accuracy in the per-lesion analysis.

Limitations

The fact that there is no gold standard applicable to all patients is a limitation of the articles included in this systematic review, as is the fact that endoscopy is an operator-dependent examination. Histopathological evaluation depended on the identification of lesions by NBI or Lugol chromoendoscopy. In this context, patients without suspicious lesions identified by either method were considered not to have the illness and were there not evaluated using the gold standard. The criteria for histopathological examination of suspicious lesions varied between the studies; some regarded the sensitivity of Lugol chromoendoscopy as being so high that patients without suspicious lesions in Lugol chromoendoscopy were considered not to have the disease regardless of the NBI findings, even without histopathological evaluation.

In general, the methodology of the studies favored the sensitivity of Lugol chromoendoscopy if it was performed by the same endoscopist shortly after esophageal evaluation with NBI. Additionally, the articles that did not submit lesions that were positive NBI but not suspicious in Lugol chromoendoscopy to the gold standard began with 100% sensitivity for Lugol chromoendoscopy.

Conclusions

According to both forms of analysis, NBI presented the same rate of detection of high-grade dysplasia and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma when compared to Lugol. Regarding the differentiation of high-grade dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma from other esophageal mucosa alterations, NBI was shown to be superior to Lugol. Thus, we can conclude that NBI was adequate in evaluating the esophagus in order to diagnose high-grade dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma.