Abstract
In this paper, we consider a new fractional differential system on an unbounded domain
subject to the conditions
The nonlinear terms φ and ψ are dependent on the fractional derivative of lower order \(\gamma _{i}\in (0,1)\), \(i=1,2\), which creates additional complexity to verify the existence of solutions. Moreover, a proper choice of Banach space allows the solutions to be defined on the half-line. From some standard fixed point theorems, sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of solutions to boundary value problems are developed. Finally, the main result is applied to an illustrative example.
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1 Introduction
Fractional calculus has recently evolved as an excellent tool for mathematical modeling owing to its widespread applications in the fields of engineering, physics, electrodynamics of complex medium, photoelasticity, etc; one can see [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] and the references cited therein. Meanwhile, relevant theory of fractional differential and integral equations has been established, and the research on fractional differential equations for boundary value problems is in a stage of rapid development.
Based on some kinds of analytical techniques, boundary value problems involving fractional differential equations attracted a considerable attention; see [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33] and the references therein. It not only has promotional value and practical significance in medical image processing, seismic analysis, and large-scale climate research, but also has important research potential on numerical analysis.
Recently, the study of coupled systems involving fractional differential equations appeared in the literature [4, 9, 10, 17, 18, 32, 33]. Much of the work has been considered on finite intervals; however, a study of boundary value problems on unbounded domain is well under way. Wang, Ahmad, and Zhang [34] studied a coupled system of fractional differential equations with m-point fractional boundary conditions
where \(t\in J=[0,+\infty )\), \(f,g\in C(J \times \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})\), \(0<\xi _{1}<\xi _{2}<\cdots <\xi _{m-2}<+\infty \), \(\beta _{i},\gamma _{i}>0\) such that \(0<\sum_{i=1}^{m-2}\beta _{i}u(\xi _{i})< \varGamma (p)\) and \(0<\sum_{i=1}^{m-2}\gamma _{i}v(\xi _{i})<\varGamma (q)\). \(D^{p}\), \(D^{q}\) denote the standard Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. By virtue of standard fixed point theorems, the authors discussed the existence and uniqueness of solutions.
In [35], the authors investigated a class of fractional differential equations on an infinite interval
with integral boundary conditions
where \(2<\alpha \leq 3\), \(f:\mathbb{R}^{+}\times (\mathbb{R}^{+})^{2} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}\), \(f(t,u,v)\not \equiv 0\), and f satisfies \(L^{1}\)-Carathéodory conditions. Existence results for positive solutions to the boundary value problem were obtained in three cases by using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem.
To our knowledge, some remarkable results on the existence and multiplicity of solutions for fractional differential equations have been discussed widely on finite intervals [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. Instead, it is relatively rare for work to be done related to existence results on infinite intervals [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].
In [31], the authors discussed the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions for the fractional differential equation
where \(0< p<1\), \(2<\alpha <3\), \(t\in (0,1)\), \(D^{\alpha }\) is the standard Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative of order α. By applying a nonlinear alternative of Leray–Schauder type and the Banach contraction theorem, the existence and uniqueness of solutions were obtained.
Motivated by the above papers, we are devoted to establishing some results on the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a new coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equations
where \(2<\alpha , \beta \leq 3\), \(0<\gamma _{i}<1\), \(i=1,2\), \(t\in J=[0,+ \infty )\), M, N are real numbers with \(0< M\xi ^{\alpha -1}<{\varGamma ( \alpha )}\), \(0< N\eta ^{\beta -1}<{\varGamma (\beta )}\), \(\xi , \eta , h>0\), parameters \(a,b\in \mathbb{R}^{+}\), \(g_{1}, g_{2} \in L^{1}[0,h]\) are nonnegative functions, \(\varphi ,\psi \in C(J\times \mathbb{R}\times \mathbb{R}, \mathbb{R})\) and \(D^{\alpha }\), \(D^{\beta }\) denote the fractional derivatives of Riemann–Liouville type of order α and β. Our conclusion is a natural expansion of the previous results in [31].
In this paper, the aim is to deal with the new coupled system of fractional differential equations on infinite intervals. Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of unbounded solutions for system (1.1) are obtained base upon Schauder’s fixed point theorem and the Banach contraction theorem. Unlike previous works, the main difficulty of this paper is that we have to construct an appropriate Banach space, because the functions φ, ψ contain the fractional derivatives.
2 Preliminaries and auxiliary results
For the convenience of the readers, we recall some useful definitions and lemmas.
Definition 2.1
([1])
The fractional integral of Riemann–Liouville type of order \(\alpha >0\) of a function f is defined as
provided the integral exists.
Definition 2.2
([1])
The fractional derivative of Riemann–Liouville type of order \(\alpha >0\) of a function f is given by
where \(\lceil \alpha \rceil \) is the smallest integer greater than or equal to α, provided that the right-hand side is pointwise defined on \((0,+\infty )\).
For further analysis, let
In this paper, we always assume that \(g_{i}:[0,+\infty )\rightarrow [0,+ \infty )\) are continuous, and \(\mu _{i}=\int _{0}^{h}g_{i}(t)T_{i}(t)\,dt<1\), \(i=1,2\).
Lemma 2.1
Assume that \(f\in L^{1}(J)\) with \(0< M\xi ^{\alpha -1}< {\varGamma (\alpha )}\), \(\alpha \in (2,3]\). Then the fractional differential equation
with
has the solution
where
and
Proof
First, we can reduce the above problem to an equivalent integral equation
for some \(c_{i}\in \mathbb{R}\), \(i=1,2,3\). By the condition \(I^{3- \alpha }u(t)\vert _{t=0}=0\), we have
since \(I^{3}f(t)\rightarrow 0\) as \(t \rightarrow 0\), we must set \(c_{3}=0\). On application of \(D^{\alpha -2}u(0)=\int _{0}^{h} g_{1}(s)u(s)\,ds\) and \(D^{\alpha -1}u(+\infty )=Mu(\xi )+a\), we have
that is,
This implies
Multiplying both sides of the above equality by \(g_{1}(t)\) and integrating from 0 to h, then
Next we have
Finally, we can obtain
This completes the proof of the lemma. □
We can easily get the following result.
Lemma 2.2
The function \(G_{1}(t,s)\) defined by (2.3) satisfies:
-
(i)
\(G_{1}\) is continuous and \(G_{1}(t,s)\geq 0\), \(0\leq t, s< + \infty \);
-
(ii)
\(G_{1}(t,s)\) is increasing in t, \(0\leq t,s< +\infty \).
Remark 2.1
For \(0\leq t, s< +\infty \), we can easily obtain
Lemma 2.3
The function \(H(t,s)\) satisfies the following inequality:
Proof
From Remark 2.1, we have
thus, from (2.1), we get
The proof is completed. □
The general solution of
can be written by
where
and \(G_{2}(t,s)\) can be obtained from \(G_{1}(t,s)\) by replacing α with β.
Hence, system (1.1) is equivalent to the following integral system:
Define two spaces
equipped with the norms
where \(0<\gamma _{i}<1\), \(i=1,2\). \(C(J)\) denotes the space of all continuous functions defined on \([0,+\infty )\).
Lemma 2.4
\((X, \Vert \cdot \Vert _{X})\) is a Banach space.
Proof
Let \(\{u_{n}\}^{\infty }_{n=1}\) be a Cauchy sequence in the space \((X, \Vert \cdot \Vert _{X})\); then \(\forall \varepsilon >0\), \(\exists N( \varepsilon )>0\) such that
for any \(t\in J\) and \(n,m>N(\varepsilon )\). We have \(\lim_{n\rightarrow +\infty }\frac{u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}=\frac{u(t)}{1+t ^{\alpha -1}}\), \(u(t)\in C(J)\). Then, for \(\frac{\varLambda _{0}}{2}=\underset{t \in J}{\sup }{\frac{ \vert u(t) \vert }{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}>0\), there exists \(N>0\) such that \(\vert {\frac{u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}-{\frac{u(t)}{1+t ^{\alpha -1}}} \vert <\frac{\varLambda _{0}}{2}\), \(n>N\). Further, set \(\varLambda _{i}=\underset{t\in J}{\sup }{\frac{ \vert u_{i}(t) \vert }{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,N\), and \(\varLambda = \max \{\varLambda _{i}, i=0,1,2,\ldots,N\}\). Then \({\frac{ \vert u_{n}(t) \vert }{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}\leq \varLambda \). Clearly, \(\{{\frac{u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}\}^{\infty }_{n=1}\) and \(\{{\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}}\}^{ \infty }_{n=1}\) are Cauchy sequences in the space \(C(J)\). Therefore, \(\{{\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}} \} ^{\infty }_{n=1}\) converges uniformly to some \(v\in C(J)\) and \(\underset{t\in J}{\sup } \vert v(t) \vert <+\infty \). We need to prove that \(v={\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}}\). For any \(t\in J\), we have
Furthermore, by Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem, and considering the uniform convergence of \(\{{\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}u _{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}} \}^{\infty }_{n=1}\), one has
Thus
Therefore, we conclude that \((X, \Vert \cdot \Vert _{X})\) is a Banach space. □
To prove the existence-uniqueness of solutions for system (1.1), we state the following compactness criterion.
Lemma 2.5
([33])
Let \(U\subseteq Y\) be a bounded set; then U is relatively compact in Y if:
-
(i)
for any \(u\in U\), \({\frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}\) and \(D^{\alpha -1}u(t)\) are equicontinuous on any compact interval of J;
-
(ii)
for any \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists a constant \(T=T(\varepsilon )>0\) such that
$$ \biggl\vert {\frac{u(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha -1}}}-{\frac{u(t_{2})}{1+t _{2}^{\alpha -1}}} \biggr\vert < \varepsilon , \qquad \bigl\vert D^{\alpha -1}u(t_{1})-D^{\alpha -1}u(t_{2}) \bigr\vert < \varepsilon , $$for any \(t_{1}, t_{2}\geq T\) and \(u\in U\).
Remark 2.2
According to Lemmas 2.4 and 2.5, it is clear that Z is relatively compact in X if the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
for any \(v\in Z\), \({\frac{v(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}\) and \({\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}v(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}}\) are equicontinuous on any compact interval of J;
-
(ii)
for any \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists a constant \(L=L(\varepsilon )>0\) such that
$$ \biggl\vert {\frac{v(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha -1}}}-{\frac{v(t_{2})}{1+t _{2}^{\alpha -1}}} \biggr\vert + \biggl\vert {\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}v(t_{1})}{1+t _{1}^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}}-{\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}v(t_{2})}{1+t_{2} ^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}} \biggr\vert < \varepsilon $$for any \(t_{1}, t_{2}\geq L\) and \(v\in Z\).
Lemma 2.6
(Schauder’s fixed point theorem)
Let C be a nonempty, closed, bounded, and convex subset of a Banach space X. Suppose that \(T:C\rightarrow C\) is a continuous and compact mapping. Then T has at least one fixed point in C.
3 Main results
In our considerations, we work in the space \(Q=\{(u,v)\mid u\in X, v \in Y\}\) endowed with the norm
By Lemma 2.4, Q is a Banach space. Let \(T: Q\rightarrow Q\) be the operator defined as
where
Notice that system (1.1) has a solution if and only if the operator T has a fixed point. For the forthcoming analysis, denote
We need the following assumptions:
- \((H_{1})\) :
-
There exist nonnegative functions \(c_{i}(t), d_{i}(t) \in L^{1}(J)\cap C(J)\), \(i=1,2,3\), such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \varphi (t,u,v) \bigr\vert \leq c_{1}(t)+c_{2}(t) \vert u \vert +c_{3}(t) \vert v \vert , \quad t\in [0,+ \infty ), \\& \int ^{+\infty }_{0}c_{1}(t)\,dt< +\infty , \qquad \int ^{+\infty }_{0}\bigl(c_{2}(t)+c_{3}(t) \bigr)\theta (t) \,dt< \max \biggl\{ {\frac{1}{2L _{1}}},{\frac{1}{2\zeta _{1}}} \biggr\} ; \end{aligned}$$and
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \psi (t,u,v) \bigr\vert \leq d_{1}(t)+d_{2}(t) \vert u \vert +d_{3}(t) \vert v \vert , \quad t\in [0,+\infty ), \\& \int ^{+\infty }_{0}d_{1}(t)\,dt< +\infty , \qquad \int ^{+\infty }_{0}\bigl(d_{2}(t)+d_{3}(t) \bigr)\theta (t) \,dt< \max \biggl\{ {\frac{1}{2L _{2}}},{\frac{1}{2\zeta _{2}}} \biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$ - \((H_{2})\) :
-
For any \(u,v,x,y\in \mathbb{R}\), there exist \(\lambda _{i}(t) \in L^{1}(J)\cap C(J)\) with \(\lambda _{i}(t)>0\), \(i=1,2\), such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \varphi (t,u,v)-\varphi (t,x,y) \bigr\vert \leq \lambda _{1}(t) \bigl( \vert u-x \vert + \vert v-y \vert \bigr), \quad t \in [0,+\infty ), \\& \bigl\vert \psi (t,u,v)-\psi (t,x,y) \bigr\vert \leq \lambda _{2}(t) \bigl( \vert u-x \vert + \vert v-y \vert \bigr), \quad t\in [0,+ \infty ). \end{aligned}$$
This section is devoted to some existence and uniqueness results of system (1.1). In order to do this, define
where
We observe that \(B_{R}\) is a bounded closed ball in the Banach space Q.
Lemma 3.1
If \((H_{1})\) is satisfied, then \(T: B_{R}\rightarrow B_{R}\).
Proof
First, for any \((u,v)\in B_{R}\), we know that
and from condition \((H_{1})\), we have
In view of Lemma 2.1, one has
and thus, we can easily show that
Further,
which implies that
Similarly, we can obtain
It shows that \(\Vert T(u,v) \Vert _{Q}\leq R\), and \(T_{1}\), \(T_{2}\) are continuous on J. Thus \(T:B_{R}\rightarrow B_{R}\) is well defined. □
Theorem 3.1
If \((H_{1})\) holds, then system (1.1) has at least one solution.
Proof
First, the operator \(T:B_{R}\rightarrow B_{R}\) is continuous owing to the continuity of φ and ψ. We are going to show that T is a completely continuous operator. By Lemma 3.1, T is bounded. We need to show that T is relatively compact by means of Remark 2.2. This part consists of two steps as follows.
Step 1 We show that T is equicontinuous on any compact interval of J.
Let ω be a bounded subset of \(B_{R}\), \(J_{1} \subseteq [0,+ \infty )\) be a compact interval. Then, for any \(t_{1},t_{2}\in J_{1}\) with \(t_{1}< t_{2}\), \(v\in \omega \), we have
Then we have \(\vert {\frac{T_{1}v(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha -1}}}- {\frac{T_{1}v(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha -1}}} \vert \rightarrow 0\) as \(t_{1}\rightarrow t_{2}\). Further, we know that
so \(\vert {\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}T_{1}v(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha -1- \gamma _{1}}}} -{\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}T_{1}v(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha -1- \gamma _{1}}}} \vert \rightarrow 0\) as \(t_{1}\rightarrow t_{2}\). Moreover, notice that \(\varphi (t,v(t),D^{\gamma _{1}}v(t))\) is bounded on \(J_{1}\). For any \(v\in \omega \), \({\frac{T_{1}v(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}}\) and \({\frac{D^{\gamma _{1}}T_{1}v(t)}{1+t ^{\alpha -1-\gamma _{1}}}}\) are equicontinuous on \(J_{1}\), that is, \(T_{1}\) is equicontinuous. Similarly, we know that \(T_{2}\) is also equicontinuous. Thus T is equicontinuous on \(J_{1}\).
Step 2 We show that T is equiconvergent at ∞.
Since \(\lim_{t\rightarrow +\infty }\frac{t^{\lambda -1}}{1+t ^{\lambda -1}}=1\), for any \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists a constant \(\mu _{1}>0\), for each \(t>\mu _{1}\), one has \(\vert \frac{t^{\lambda -1}}{1+t ^{\lambda -1}}-1 \vert <\frac{\varepsilon }{2}\). Thus, for each \(t_{1}, t_{2}>\mu _{1}\), we have
Further, there exists \(\varsigma \geq s\) such that \(\lim_{t\rightarrow +\infty }\frac{{(t-\varsigma )}^{\lambda -1}}{1+t ^{\lambda -1}}=1\). Then, for any \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists \(\mu _{2}>\varsigma >0\) such that, for each \(t_{1}, t_{2}>\mu _{2}\), we have
Therefore, for any \(\varepsilon >0\), choose \(\mu \geq \max \{\mu _{1}, \mu _{2}\}\); then, for each \(t_{1}, t_{2}>\mu \), one has
In addition, we can obtain
Thus we have
Then, for all \(\varepsilon >0\), there exists \(\mu >0\) such that, for \(t_{1}, t_{2}>\mu \), \(T_{1}:\omega \rightarrow \omega \) is equiconvergent at infinity. Using the same argument, \(T_{2}:\omega \rightarrow \omega \) is also equiconvergent at infinity. Thus \(T:\omega \rightarrow \omega \) is equiconvergent at infinity. By means of Remark 2.2, we know \(T:B_{R}\rightarrow B_{R}\) is completely continuous.
According to Schauder’s fixed point theorem, we conclude that T has at least one fixed point, that is, system (1.1) has at least one solution in \(B_{R}\). □
Corollary 3.1
Assume that
- \((H_{3})\) :
-
there exist nonnegative functions \(a(t), b(t),a_{i}(t) \in L^{1}(J)\cap C(J)\), \(i=1,2\), such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \varphi (t,u,v) \bigr\vert \leq a(t)+a_{1}(t) \bigl({ \vert u \vert }^{p_{1}}+{ \vert v \vert }^{p_{2}}\bigr), \quad 0< p _{i}< 1, i=1,2, t\in J, \\& \int ^{+\infty }_{0}a(t)\,dt< +\infty , \qquad \int ^{+\infty }_{0}a_{1}(t)\theta (t) \,dt< \max \biggl\{ {\frac{1}{4L _{1}}},{\frac{1}{4\zeta _{1}}} \biggr\} ; \end{aligned}$$and
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \psi (t,u,v) \bigr\vert \leq b(t)+a_{2}(t) \bigl({ \vert u \vert }^{q_{1}}+{ \vert v \vert }^{q_{2}}\bigr), \quad 0< q _{i}< 1, i=1,2, t\in J, \\& \int ^{+\infty }_{0}b(t)\,dt< +\infty , \qquad \int ^{+\infty }_{0}a_{2}(t)\theta (t) \,dt< \max \biggl\{ {\frac{1}{4L _{2}}},{\frac{1}{4\zeta _{2}}} \biggr\} . \end{aligned}$$Here, \(a_{i},b_{i}, i=1,2\), are nonnegative constants, then system (1.1) has at least one solution.
Proof
In this case, let \(p*=\max \{p_{1},p_{2}\}\), \(q*=\max \{q _{1},q_{2}\}\), we take
The rest of the proof is similar to Theorem 3.1, so we omit the details. □
Remark 3.1
For the sake of simplicity, if \(a(t)=b(t)=0 \) in condition \((H_{3})\), that is,
and
Due to the different values of R, the conclusion of Theorem 3.1 is also true for the nonstrict inequalities \(p_{i}, q_{i}>1\). It should be replaced by a weak form which can be derived easily from (3.2) and (3.3).
When \(h=0\), the boundary conditions of system (1.1) are changed to the form:
Similar to Theorem 3.1, we can obtain the following result.
Theorem 3.2
Assume that
- \((H_{1}')\) :
-
there exist nonnegative functions \(c_{i}(t), d_{i}(t) \in L^{1}(J)\), \(i=1,2,3\), such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \varphi (t,u,v) \bigr\vert \leq c_{1}(t)+c_{2}(t) \vert u \vert +c_{3}(t) \vert v \vert , \quad t\in [0,+ \infty ), \\& \int ^{+\infty }_{0}c_{1}(t)\,dt< +\infty , \qquad \int ^{+\infty }_{0}\bigl(c_{2}(t)+c_{3}(t) \bigr)\theta (t)\,dt< \max \biggl\{ {\frac{1}{2L _{1}'}},{\frac{1}{2\zeta _{1}'}} \biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$where
$$ L_{1}'=\sigma _{1}, \quad\quad \zeta _{1}'={\frac{1+\sigma _{1}(1+M\xi ^{\alpha -1})}{ \varGamma (\alpha -\gamma _{1})}}, $$and
$$\begin{aligned}& \bigl\vert \psi (t,u,v) \bigr\vert \leq d_{1}(t)+d_{2}(t) \vert u \vert +d_{3}(t) \vert v \vert , \quad t\in [0,+\infty ), \\& \int ^{+\infty }_{0}d_{1}(t)\,dt< +\infty , \qquad \int ^{+\infty }_{0}\bigl(d_{2}(t)+d_{3}(t) \bigr)\theta (t) \,dt< \max \biggl\{ {\frac{1}{2L _{2}'}},{\frac{1}{2\zeta _{2}'}} \biggr\} , \end{aligned}$$where
$$ L_{2}'=\sigma _{2}, \quad\quad \zeta _{2}'={\frac{1+\sigma _{2}(1+N\eta ^{\beta -1})}{ \varGamma (\beta -\gamma _{2})}}. $$
Then system (1.1) with boundary condition (3.4) has at least one solution.
Theorem 3.3
Assume that \((H_{1})\), \((H_{2})\) hold, then system (1.1) has a unique solution if
where
Proof
Let \(u_{i}(t), v_{i}(t)\in C^{1}(J)\), \(i=1,2\); then we have
and
We can see that
Analogously, it can be proved that
and
Thus we know that
In conclusion, we have
Obviously, T is a contraction. By means of the Banach contraction theorem, T has a unique fixed point which is the unique solution of system (1.1). □
Corollary 3.2
Assume that \((H_{2})\), \((H_{3})\) hold, then system (1.1) has a unique solution if \(m_{1}+m_{2}<1\), \(n_{1}+n_{2}<1\).
Corollary 3.3
On the basis of Remark 3.1, if condition \((H_{2})\) holds, then system (1.1) has a unique solution if \(m_{1}+m_{2}<1\), \(n_{1}+n_{2}<1\). In short, if φ, ψ are bounded and continuous on \(J\times R\times R\), then there exists a solution for system (1.1).
Remark 3.2
If \(\varphi ,\psi \in C(J\times \mathbb{R}^{+} \times \mathbb{R}^{+}, \mathbb{R}^{+})\), \(\varphi (t,u,v),\psi (t,u,v) \not \equiv 0\), under condition \((H_{1})\) or \((H_{3})\), then system (1.1) has at least one positive solution. Further, the positive solution is unique if \((H_{1})\), \((H_{2})\) or \((H_{2})\), \((H_{3})\) are satisfied with \(m_{1}+m_{2}<1\), \(n_{1}+n_{2}<1\).
4 An example
Example 4.1
Consider the system
where \(\alpha =\beta ={\frac{5}{2}}\), \(\gamma _{1}=\gamma _{2}={\frac{1}{2}}\), \(h=1\), \(M,N,\xi ,\eta =1\), \(a=b=2\), \(g_{1}(t)=( \frac{3\pi ^{\frac{3}{2}}}{16}-\frac{\pi }{4})t^{4}\), \(g_{2}(t)=(\frac{ \pi ^{\frac{3}{2}}}{8}-\frac{\pi }{6})t^{2}\), and
Choose
Obviously, \(|\varphi (t,u,v)\vert \leq c_{1}(t)+c_{2}(t) \vert u \vert +c_{3}(t) \vert v \vert \), \(\vert \psi (t,u,v) \vert \leq d_{1}(t)+d_{2}(t) \vert u \vert +d_{3}(t) \vert v \vert \), and by simple computations, we find that \(0< M\xi ^{\alpha -1}\), \(N\eta ^{\beta -1}<{\varGamma ( \frac{5}{2})}\approx 1.329\), \(\sigma _{1}=\sigma _{2}=\frac{4}{3\sqrt{ \pi }-4}\), \(T_{1}(t)=T_{2}(t)=\frac{8}{3\pi -4\sqrt{\pi }}t^{ \frac{3}{2}}+\frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi }}t^{\frac{1}{2}}\), \(\mu _{1}=\int _{0}^{1}g_{1}(t)T_{1}(t)\,dt=\frac{\sqrt{\pi }}{14}+\frac{3\pi -4\sqrt{ \pi }}{24}<1\), \(\mu _{2}=\int _{0}^{1}g_{2}(t)T_{2}(t)\,dt=\frac{\pi }{8}-\frac{\sqrt{ \pi }}{12}<1\), \(\delta _{1}=\frac{9\pi ^{\frac{3}{2}}-12\pi }{140}\), \(\delta _{2}=\frac{7\pi ^{\frac{3}{2}}}{96}-\frac{7\pi }{72}\), \(\omega _{1}=\frac{3\pi ^{\frac{3}{2}}-4\pi }{112}\), \(\omega _{2}=\frac{ \pi ^{\frac{3}{2}}}{32}-\frac{\pi }{24}\), \(l_{1}=\frac{1008}{(3\sqrt{ \pi }-4)(168+16\sqrt{\pi }-21\pi )}\) and \(l_{2}=\frac{144}{(3\sqrt{ \pi }-4)(24+2\sqrt{\pi }-3\pi )}\). Further, we can obtain
Here,
and
Then the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are satisfied, so system (4.1) has at least one solution.
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The authors wish to thank the anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions.
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This paper was supported financially by the Youth Science Foundation of China (11201272) and Shanxi Province Science Foundation (2015011005).
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Zhai, C., Ren, J. A coupled system of fractional differential equations on the half-line. Bound Value Probl 2019, 117 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-019-1230-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-019-1230-0