Abstract
Key message
Sr67 is a new stem rust resistance gene that represents a new resource for breeding stem rust resistant wheat cultivars
Abstract
Re-appearance of stem rust disease, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), in different parts of Europe emphasized the need to develop wheat varieties with effective resistance to local Pgt populations and exotic threats. A Kyoto University wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) accession KU168-2 was reported to carry good resistance to leaf and stem rust. To identify the genomic region associated with the KU168-2 stem rust resistance, a genetic study was conducted using a doubled haploid (DH) population from the cross RL6071 × KU168-2. The DH population was phenotyped with three Pgt races (TTKSK, TPMKC, and QTHSF) and genotyped using the Illumina 90 K wheat SNP array. Linkage mapping showed the resistance to all three Pgt races was conferred by a single stem rust resistance (Sr) gene on chromosome arm 6AL, associated with Sr13. Presently, four Sr13 resistance alleles have been reported. Sr13 allele-specific KASP and STARP markers, and sequencing markers all showed null alleles in KU168-2. KU168-2 showed a unique combination of seedling infection types for five Pgt races (TTKSK, QTHSF, RCRSF, TMRTF, and TPMKC) compared to Sr13 alleles. The phenotypic uniqueness of the stem rust resistance gene in KU168-2 and null alleles for Sr13 allele-specific markers showed the resistance was conferred by a new gene, designated Sr67. Since Sr13 is less effective in hexaploid background, Sr67 will be a good source of stem rust resistance in bread wheat breeding programs.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Wheat stem rust, caused by infection with the biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks & E. Henn (Pgt), is a disease of high priority on the Canadian Prairies and other major global wheat producing regions. While stem rust can be controlled by resistance (Sr) genes, recent experience shows the risk posed by the evolution of virulence in the pathogen population. Following the detection of the highly virulent Pgt race TTKSK (commonly known as Ug99) in 1998, 15 variants have been detected in several East African countries, Yemen, Iran, and Iraq (http://rusttracker.cimmyt.org; Fetch et al. 2016; Patpour et al. 2016; Pretorius et al. 2000; Pretorious et al. 2012; Terefe et al. 2016; Nazari et al. 2009; Nazari et al. 2021). Additionally, since 2012 other highly virulent, unrelated races (TRTTF, TKTTF, and TTRTF) were detected in different European countries (Patpour et al. 2022). The re-emergence of stem rust draws the attention of wheat researchers to look for an effective approach to avert future epidemics.
Olivera et al. (2022) reported detection of a unique isolate of Pgt race (TKHBK) from fields surrounded by barberry plants, the alternate host of Pgt, in Spain. This race has virulence for resistance genes Sr31, Sr33, Sr53 and Sr59, but is avirulent to the nearly universally susceptible durum line Rusty, which was used to develop multiple mapping populations. Villegas et al. (2022) suggested the likely involvement of barberry in the sexual cycle of Pgt in Spain and hence the likelihood of unique races. With the emergence of new races and dispersal of known races, it is important to incorporate new and effective Sr genes into breeding programs. To search for novel Sr genes, the foremost step is phenotypic characterization of available genetic resources with the most threatening local, where possible exotic Pgt races.
Kyoto University wheat accession KU168-2 (Triticum aestivum) that originated from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China has resistance to leaf rust (caused by P. triticina and stem rust (Tanaka 1983; Che et al. 2019). Che et al. (2019) found that KU168-2 carried leaf rust resistance genes Lr33, Lr34 and a seedling resistance gene on chromosome arm 6AL; however, the genetic basis for stem rust resistance is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the inheritance of the stem rust resistance in KU168-2, genetically map the resistance, and compare the resistance to any known Sr gene with a similar map position.
Material and methods
Plant materials
A doubled haploid (DH) population (n = 110) was developed from a cross between the susceptible wheat line RL6071 (Prelude/8 * Marquis * 2/3/Prelude//Prelude/8 * Marquis) and KU168-2 using the maize pollination method (Che et al. 2019). Both RL6071 and KU168-2 are hexaploid wheat lines. Tetraploid wheat reference single-gene lines carrying each known allele of Sr13, namely Rusty-Kl-B (Sr13a), Rusty-14803 (Sr13b), Rusty-ST464-C1 (Sr13c), and CAT-A1 (Sr13d), (Gill et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2017) along with hexaploid line Sr13a (Knott 1990), were used in multi-race stem rust comparisons with KU168-2 and a subset of DH lines.
Phenotyping with Pgt
Stem rust seedling assays were performed on the parents (RL6071 and KU168-2), DH population, and lines carrying the different Sr13 resistance alleles. The inoculation of plant materials was carried out as described by Hiebert et al. (2011). Isolates of Pgt races TTKSK (SA13), TPMKC (W1373) and QTHSF (W1347) were used to phenotype the DH population. Additional phenotyping was done with a total of five races TTKSK, TPMKC, QTHSF, RCRSF (W001), and TMRTF (W1311) to compare the gene discovered in KU168-2 with Sr13 using 10 resistant (R) and 10 susceptible (S) lines from the DH population based on the TTKSK score, and the reference lines carrying the Sr13 alleles. After inoculation, plants were kept for 20–22 h at 18 °C in dark mist chambers with 100% relative humidity. The next day after a brief drying period, plants were moved to a greenhouse [22 ± 3 °C with a 16/8 h (day/night)]. To further compare the Sr gene from KU168-2 with alleles of Sr13, the above lines were also phenotyped with races RCRSF and TMRTF while placing the plants in a growth cabinet with temperatures of 18 °C under light and 15 °C during darkness as Sr13 reported to be temperature-sensitive (Roelfs and McVey 1979).
Plants were scored 13–14 days after inoculation using a 0–4 (0,;, 1–4) rating scale with additional “ + ” and “−” to indicate larger or smaller pustules for a given infection type (IT) (Stakman et al. 1962). Plants with IT ranging from 0 to 2 were classified resistant (R) whereas IT ranging from 3 to 4 were classified as susceptible (S). For initial QTL mapping, the IT score was converted to a linearized infection type (LIT) and rounded to a 0 to 9 scale (Zhang et al. 2014). For genetic mapping of the resistance as a qualitative trait, stem rust IT ratings for DH lines were classified as R and S as described above.
Genotyping and linkage mapping
The DH population was genotyped with the wheat 90 K iSelect Infinium SNP array (Wang et al. 2014). SNP alleles were called and markers were filtered for polymorphism using GenomeStudio software (Illumina, San Diego, USA). To reduce redundant marker data, genotypic data were analyzed with the BIN function in QTL IciMapping Ver 4.1.0.0 software (Meng et al. 2015) to identify co-segregating markers. Data from a set of non-redundant SNP markers were inputted into MapDisto 1.8.2 software (Lorieux 2012) and were used to develop linkage maps as described by Che et al. (2019). The LIT score was used for the identification of QTL for resistance to the Pgt races TTKSK, TPMKC, and QTHSF. The QGENE (4.4.0) (Joehanes and Nelson 2008) software package was used for the QTL analysis. As the phenotypic ratio fitted neither a one nor a two gene model, the purpose of the QTL analysis was to determine if one or two genes were conferring resistance to stem rust in the population. Once the analysis indicated that a single gene was responsible for the resistance to multiple Pgt races used to phenotype the population, the phenotypic data were treated as a qualitative trait, a common procedure for mapping hypersensitive rust resistance genes in wheat.
Five SNP markers from the 90 K iSelect Infinium SNP array that were closely associated with the Sr gene on chromosome arm 6AL were converted to Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers (Kwh290, Kwh291, Kwh292, Kwh293, and Kwh294). The KASP genotyping procedure was done as described by Kassa et al. (2016). In addition, the gene-based marker, Sr13F/R Primer, reported by Zhang et al. (2017) was used to genotype the DH population and a check line carrying the Sr13a allele. PCR conditions were as described by Zhang et al. (2017), the amplified PCR products were digested with restriction enzyme HhaI and cleaved products were run on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. Four SNP-based semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) markers, rwgsnp37.2, rwgsnp38, rwgsnp39, and rwgsnp40, reported to differentiate between the Sr13 alleles were used to characterize the parental lines along with reference lines carrying each of the four Sr13 alleles (Gill et al. 2021 and Saini et al. 2018). PCR protocols for STARP marker analysis followed Long et al. (2017) and samples were run on 6% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels as in Saini et al. (2018). Genomic sequence analysis of the Sr13-CNL13 gene was performed by using the four primers 6ACNL13F7/R2, 6ACNL13F4/R7, 6ACNL13F3/R8, and 6ACNL13F5/R6 reported in the Zhang et al (2017). These primers covered the entire coding and intron sequences of the Sr13-CNL13 and were used to compare KU168-2 with the reference stocks for the Sr13 alleles.
Results
Phenotyping the RL6071 × KU168-2 DH population with Pgt races TTKSK, TPMKC, and QTHSF showed the phenotypic data fell between a one and a two gene ratio (Table 1); however, the resistance or susceptibility of each line corresponded across the three races, indicating that the same allele conferred resistance to all three races. QTL analysis revealed only one genetic region on the chromosome arm 6AL, QSr-KU186-2-6A, conferred resistance against all three Pgt races. The QSr-KU168-2-6A on chromosome arm 6AL was positioned at the end of the genetic map and flanked by marker Kwh290 on one side and the peak LOD was at the terminal marker, Kwh294 (Fig. 1). Since a single gene explained the observed resistance and the resistance gene is new (further evidence below), the gene was designated as Sr67. The Sr67 region corresponded to the map position of Sr13 based on 90 K iSelect Infinium SNP array markers and their coordinates on the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) ReqSeq v2.0 wheat reference genome. The LOD scores for the three Pgt races were between 30 and 60 and coefficients of variance (R2 × 100) ranged between 80 and 90% (Table 2). The five KASP markers developed in the current study, Kwh290, Kwh291, Kwh292, Kwh293, and Kwh294 were mapped in the DH population (Table 3). The skewed phenotypic ratios for Sr67 were mirrored by the ratios of the DNA markers that mapped distally on chromosome arm 6AL (Fig. 2). The resistance gene was mapped as a single, qualitative gene and corresponded to the region of chromosome arm 6AL defined by the QTL from the initial analysis. Sr67 co-segregated with KASP marker Kwh294, and conferred resistance to races TTKSK, TPMKC, and QTHSF (Fig. 1).
Tests of KU168-2 with KASP and STARP markers tightly linked to Sr13 (rwgsnp37.2, rwgsnp38, rwgsnp39, and rwgsnp40) generated no amplification indicating null alleles (Fig. 3). The Sr13 (CNL13) gene-based marker Sr13F/R Primer (Zheng et al. 2017) failed to amplify the resistance allele in the DH population, instead amplifying the susceptible allele present in RL6071 and a null allele in KU168-2 (Fig. 4). This polymorphism between the parental lines allowed Sr13F/R Primer to be mapped as a dominant (presence/absence) marker in the RL6071 × KU168-2 DH population and co-segregated with both the susceptibility allele and KASP marker Kwh294 (Fig. 1). Again, there was no amplification in KU168-2 with the Sr13 sequencing primers 6ACNL13F7/R2, 6ACNL13F4/R7, 6ACNL13F3/R8, and 6ACNL13F5/R6 (Fig. 5).
Multi-pathotype tests using five differentiating Pgt races on four Sr13 resistance alleles durum cv. Rusty background, parental lines KU168-2 and RL6071, and sets of 10 DH lines with and without Sr67 showed that KU and lines carrying Sr67 were resistant whereas the lines with Sr13 alleles showed differential reactions (Table 4; Fig. 2). The resistance to all races tested here co-segregated with Sr67. Race RCRSF was virulent to all alleles of Sr13 while Sr67 conferred resistance, thus differentiating the two genes based on phenotype (Supplemental Fig. 1A). Other races showed varying differences between Sr67 and different alleles of Sr13, though some of those differences appeared to be temperature dependent (Table 4). As expected, Sr13 ITs tended to be lower at higher temperatures. In contrast, Sr67 generally showed a lower IT at lower temperatures (Table 4; Supplemental Fig. 1B).
Discussion
The ongoing need for new sources of stem rust resistance led to the assessment of germplasm collections in our possession. The strong stem rust resistance response of KU168-2 made it an ideal candidate for genetic analysis. Although the phenotypic ratio for resistant and susceptible DH lines deviated from the expected 1:1, linkage mapping showed that all resistant plants could be accounted for by a single allele (Table 1; Fig. 1). Segregation of the linked markers also showed abnormal segregation. Likewise, a leaf rust resistance gene identified in chromosome arm 6AL in the same population also showed abnormal segregation (Che et al. 2019). Assessment of the segregation of loci along chromosome 6A in the DH population showed that most of the chromosome fitted a 1:1 ratio, however, the distal region spanning 25 cM of the long arm, which included Sr67, showed skewed inheritance (p < 0.05) in favor of the KU168-2 alleles. Given that the DH population is derived solely from female gametes, there could be a few explanations for the skewed ratios observed, including genes selected through the DH procedure, such as embryo development, response to dicamba, or response to tissue culture, or perhaps the skewing is a random effect.
The chromosome arm 6AL region carrying Sr67 also has Sr13, multiple alleles of which encodes a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeats (CNL) (Gill et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2017). The Sr13 gene-based marker Sr13F/R Primer (Zhang et al. 2017) was mapped in the RL6071 × KU168-2 DH population as a dominant marker and its coordinates on the IWGSC ReqSeq v2.0 are between 618,031,153–618033110 Mb (Fig. 1). The KASP marker Kwh294 associated with Sr67 mapped to a more proximal 616,436,883–616,436,975 Mb region, but suggesting a similar location of Sr13 and Sr67. To date, four resistant alleles of Sr13 (a–d) have been reported (Gill et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2017). Given that KU168-2 failed to amplify markers (null alleles) associated with the Sr13 alleles (Figs. 3, 4) and that sequencing primers used to amplify the Sr13 CNL region also failed to amplify KU168-2 we propose that Sr67 is located at a different locus (Fig. 5).
In addition to the genotypic results, a high immune response to the multi-races as compared to the reference lines carrying Sr13 alleles (a–d) clearly showed that Sr67 is phenotypically unique compared to Sr13 alleles (Fig. 2, Table 4). Pgt race RCRSF is a good example where phenotypic difference was demonstrated as this race was virulent to lines carrying Sr13 alleles, whereas DH lines carrying Sr67 were resistant. Moreover, all the Sr13 alleles have tetraploid origin, whereas Sr67 was discovered in a hexaploid accession. Sr13 is one of the most important genes for stem rust resistance in durum wheat and lines with its different alleles produce low infection type in the range 2 to 3- (Gill et al. 2021), depending on ploidy and temperature with infection types being lower at higher temperatures (Roelfs and McVey 1979; Zhang et al. 2017), though it is known to be less effective in the hexaploid background, whereas Sr67 has a more resistant response. Previously, Sr13 was reported as showing a lower IT at higher temperatures, which was also observed in the present study (Table 4). In contrast, lines with Sr67 generally showed a more variable low IT (see Supplemental Fig. 1) that was more effective at lower temperatures. Taken together, the phenotypic uniqueness, origin, and the finding that KU168-2 has null alleles for all molecular markers based on Sr13 alleles provides compelling evidence that KU168-2 carries a resistance allele at a locus closely-linked to SR13.
Genetic resources, including effective seedling (all-stage) resistance genes, race-nonspecific adult-plant resistance, and DNA markers for marker-assisted selection of gene combinations, are important for developing new cultivars with durable resistance to stem rust. New stem rust resistance genes derived from the primary gene pool of wheat are particularly valuable resources, and thus, responsible deployment of these genes in combination will prolong their period of usefulness (durability). Here, we reported a new stem rust resistance gene that was discovered in a hexaploid wheat accession and developed KASP markers that can be used to select the gene in breeding and pre-breeding applications. Sr67 and its markers represent new tools that can be utilized in breeding programs aimed at achievement of durable stem rust resistance.
Data availability
The datasets generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Che M, Hiebert CW, McCartney CA, Zhang Z, McCallum BD (2019) Mapping and DNA marker development for Lr33 from the leaf rust resistant line KU168-2. Euphytica 215:29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2343-3
Fetch T, Zegeye T, Park RF, Hodson D, Wanyera R (2016) Detection of wheat stem rust races TTHSK and PTKTK in the Ug99 race group in Kenya in 2014. Plant Dis 100(7):1495
Gill BK, Klindworth DL, Rouse MN, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Sharma JS, Chu C, Long Y, Chao S, Olivera PD, Friesen TL, Zhong S, Jin Y, Faris JD, Fiedler JD, Elias EM, Liu S, Cai X, Xu SS (2021) Function and evolution of allelic variation of Sr13 conferring resistance to stem rust in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). Plant J 106:1674–1691
Hiebert CW, Fetch TG, Zegeye T, Thomas JB, Somers DJ, Humphreys DG, McCallum BD, Cloutier S, Singh D, Knott DR (2011) Genetics and mapping of seedling resistance to Ug99 stem rust in Canadian wheat cultivars ‘Peace’ and ‘AC Cadillac.’ Theor Appl Genet 122:143–149
Joehanes R, Nelson JC (2008) QGene 4.0, an extensible Java QTL-analysis platform. Bioinformatics 24:2788–2789
Kassa MT, You FM, Fetch TG, Fobert P, Sharpe A, Pozniak CJ, Menzies JG, Jordan MC, Humphreys G, Zhu T, Luo M-C, McCartney CA, Hiebert CW (2016) Genetic mapping of SrCad and SNP marker development for marker-assisted selection of Ug99 stem rust resistance in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 129:1373–1382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2709-z
Knott D (1990) Near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying genes for stem rust resistance. Crop Sci 30:901–905
Long YM, Chao WS, Ma GJ, Xu SS, Qi LL (2017) An innovative SNP genotyping method adapting to multiple platforms and throughputs. Theor Appl Genet 130:597–607
Lorieux M (2012) MapDisto: fast and efficient computation of genetic linkage maps. Mol Breed 30:1231–1235
Meng L, Li H, Zhang L, Wang J (2015) QTL IciMapping: integrated software for genetic linkage map construction and qualitative trait locus mapping in biparental populations. Crop J 3:269–283
Nazari K, Mafi M, Yahyaoui A, Singh R, Park R (2009) Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran. Plant Dis 93:317–317
Nazari K, Al-Maaroof EM, Kurtulus E, Kavaz H, Hodson D, Ozseven I (2021) First report of Ug99 race TTKTT of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in Iraq. Plant Dis 105:2719
Olivera PD, Villegas D, Cantero-Martínez C, Szabo LJ, Rouse MN, Luster DG et al (2022) A unique race of the wheat stem rust pathogen with virulence on Sr31 identified in Spain and reaction of wheat and durum cultivars to this race. Plant Pathol 71:873–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13530
Patpour M, Hovmøller MS, Rodriguez-Algaba J, Randazzo B, Villegas D, Shamanin VP, Berlin A, Flath K, Czembor P, Hanzalova A et al (2022) Wheat stem rust back in Europe: diversity, prevalence and impact on host resistance. Front Plant Sci 13:882440. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.882440
Patpour M, Hovmøller MS, Justesen AF, Newcomb M, Olivera P, Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Hodson D, Shahin AA, Wanyera R, Habarurema I, Wobibi S (2016) Emergence of virulence to SrTmp in the Ug99 race group of wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, in Africa. Plant Dis 100:522. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-06-15-0668-PDN
Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS (2000) Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Dis 84:203
Pretorius ZA, Szabo LJ, Boshoff WHP, Herselman L, Visser B (2012) First report of a new TTKSF race of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Plant Dis 96:590. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-12-11-1027-PDN
Roelfs AP, Mcvey DV (1979) Low infection types produced by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and wheat lines with designated genes for resistance. Phytopathology 69:722–730
Saini J, Faris JD, Zhang Q, Rouse MN, Jin Y, Long Y, Klindworth DL, Elias EM, McClean PE, Edwards MC, Xu SS (2018) Identification, mapping, and marker development of stem rust resistance genes in durum wheat ‘Lebsock.’ Mol Breed 38:77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-018-0833-y
Stakman EC, Stewart DM, Loegering WQ (1962) Identification of physiologic races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. USDA ARS E-617. U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, DC
Tanaka M (1983) Catalogue of Aegilops-Triticum germ-plasm preserved in Kyoto University. Plant Germ-Plasm Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto Japan, p 179
Terefe T, Visser B, Pretorius Z (2016) Variation in Puccinia graminis f. sp tritici detected on wheat and triticale in South Africa from 2009 to 2013. Crop Prot 86:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.04.006
Villegas D, Bartaula R, Cantero-Martínez C, Luster D, Szabo L, Olivera P, Berlin A, Rodriguez-Algaba J, Hovmøller MS, McIntosh R, Jin Y (2022) Barberry plays an active role as an alternate host of Puccinia graminis in Spain. Plant Pathol 71:1174–1184. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13540
Wang S, Wong D, Forrest K, Allen A, Chao S, Huang BE, Maccaferri M, Salvi S, Milner SG, Cattivelli L, Mastrangelo AM, Whan A, Stephen S, Barker G, Wieseke R, Plieske J, IWGSC, Lillemo M, Mather D, Appels R, Dolferus R, Brown-Guedira G, Korol A, Akhunova AR, Feuillet C, Salse J, Morgante M, Pozniak C, Luo M-C, Dvorak J, Morell M, Dubcovsky J, Ganal M, Tuberosa R, Lawley C, Mikoulitch I, Cavanagh C, Edwards KJ, Hayden M, Akhunov E (2014) Characterization of polyploid wheat genomic diversity using a high-density 90 000 single nucleotide polymorphism array. Plant Biotechnol J 12:787-796
Zhang D, Bowden RL, Yu J, Carver BF, Bai G (2014) Association analysis of stem rust resistance in US winter wheat. PLoS ONE 9:e103747. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103747
Zhang W, Chen S, Abate Z, Nirmala J, Rouse MN, Dubcovsky JD (2017) Identification and characterization of Sr13, a tetraploid wheat gene that confers resistance to the Ug99 stem rust race group. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114:E9483–E9492
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mira Popovic, Ghassan Mardli, Tobi Malasiuk, Taye Zegeye and Maurice Penner for technical assistance, and Dr. Robert A McIntosh for providing suggestions in the manuscript.
Funding
Open Access funding provided by Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada. Funding was provided by the Western Grains Research Foundation, Manitoba Agriculture, Manitoba Crop Alliance, Alberta Wheat Commission, SaskWheat Development Commission, and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada as part of the Genome Canada CTAG2 and 4DWheat projects, and the Canadian National Wheat Cluster.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JSS contributed to experimental design, performed experiments, analyzed data, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. MC performed experiments and analyzed data. TF designed experiments and contributed to writing. BDM contributed to experimental design, writing and supervision. SSX contributed to genotyping experiments and writing. CWH conceived the study and contributed to experimental design, data analysis, writing, and supervision.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by Urmil Bansal.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Sharma, J.S., Che, M., Fetch, T. et al. Identification of Sr67, a new gene for stem rust resistance in KU168-2 located close to the Sr13 locus in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 137, 30 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04530-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04530-8