Abstract
Background
Developmental dysplasia is challenging to treat with total hip arthroplasty via the direct anterior approach (DAA). Reconstructing the former anatomy while restoring the acetabular bone stock for future revisions in this young patient collective combined with the known advantages of the DAA would be desirable. The purpose of this study was to analyze the feasibility, radiographic outcome and clinical outcome of primary uncemented total hip arthroplasty with bulk femoral head autograft for acetabular augmentation through a DAA with a minimal follow-up of 12 months.
Methods
A retrospective, consecutive series from March 2006 to March 2018 of 29 primary total hip arthroplasty with acetabular augmentation with bulk femoral head autograft through a direct anterior approach was identified. All complications, reoperations and failures were analyzed. Radiographic and clinical outcome was measured.
Results
24 patients (29 hips) with a mean age of 43 (18–75) years and a mean follow-up of 35 months (12–137) were included. Surgical indication was secondary osteoarthritis for developmental dysplasia of the hip (Hartofilakidis Grade A (n = 19), B (n = 10)) in all cases. We noted no conversion of the approach, no dislocation and no acetabular loosening. The center of rotation was significantly distalized by a mean of 9 mm (0–23) and significantly medialized by a mean of 18 mm (6–29). The bone graft was fully integrated after 12 months in all cases.
Conclusion
Acetabular reconstruction with femoral head autograft in primary THA through a direct anterior approach seems to be a reliable option for the treatment of secondary osteoarthritis in patients with DDH Hartofilakidis grade A and B. Prospective cohort studies with a large sample population and a long-term follow-up are necessary to confirm our findings.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) predisposes to early secondary osteoarthritis of the hip [1]. Despite new born screening programs some cases are missed, treated incorrectly or insufficiently. These patients often develop secondary osteoarthritis needing a total hip arthroplasty (THA) at an average age of 53 years old [2]. Due to the typically anterolateral and superior acetabular deficiencies, an increased femoral antetorsion, decreased intramedullary canal size and either coxa vara or valga THA in a dysplastic hip is technically more challenging [3]. For acetabular reconstruction, different techniques are described ranging from autologous bone reconstruction, metal augments, reinforcement rings to cranial positioning of the acetabulum [4]. The anatomical reconstruction of the center of rotation (COR) in particular by filling the acetabular defect with a femoral head has several advantages. It has been shown that a medialization and distalization of the COR positively affects hip function [5,6,7] and has been associated with increased survival of THA [8,9,10]. Furthermore, it may possibly decrease the rate of aseptic loosening [11, 12], as differences of as little as 5 mm in superolateral displacement decreases abductor function and relevantly deteriorates the ratio of body weight moment arm to abductor moment arm [12, 13]. In THA with acetabular autologous bone wedge augmentation, the center of rotation can be perfectly placed more medially and distally. The bone stock is increased and revision surgery is potentially facilitated [14, 15]. The possibility of using a smaller acetabular cup simplifies anterior osseous coverage and allows normal anteversion. Last but not least, the femoral head is readily available and cheap as a means for acetabular augmentation.
Augmentation of the deficient acetabulum has been traditionally performed through an anterolateral, lateral or posterolateral approach with encouraging short-, mid- and long-term results [14, 16,17,18,19]. However, the direct anterior approach (DAA) is known for several advantages like the true internervous and intermuscular plane resulting in less muscle damage and quicker early rehabilitation [20], less postoperative pain and pain medication [21,22,23], improved early postoperative mobilization, shorter hospital length of stay [23, 24], a greater proportion of patients discharged home vs. a rehabilitation center [25] and improved postoperative as well as early functional outcomes [26,27,28].
This study was designed to retrospectively analyze the reliability, the clinical outcome, surgical results, complications with and without implant revision as well as radiographic parameters in all primary THA with acetabular augmentation with a bulk femoral head autograft through a DAA.
Materials and methods
This study was approved by our ethical review board (KEK-ZH-2020-02193) and all participants gave written informed consent.
Patients
This retrospective, consecutive case series was conducted entirely at the author's institution. The patients were selected from May 2006 to March 2018. Inclusion criteria were acetabular augmentation with femoral head autograft for primary total hip arthroplasty through DAA with an uncemented cup. Exclusion criteria were patients receiving a different kind of acetabular augmentation, approach or a cemented acetabular cup. A total of 88 primary total hip arthroplasty with acetabular augmentation by bulk femoral head autograft were performed in this time frame. 59 were performed through a posterior approach and thus excluded. The study group comprised of 29 primary THAs in 24 patients with a mean age of 43 years (18–75). All patients were available for a last follow-up after a mean of 35 months (12–137). Indication was secondary osteoarthritis due to developmental dysplasia of the hip in all cases.
The surgical technique was performed in supine position with a traction table using Hueter interval in the anterior minimally invasive surgical approach technique, which is a modification of the DAA respecting a slightly lateral skin incision through the fasciae of the tensor fasciae latae to avoid problems with the lateral cutaneous femoris nerve [29, 30]. Acetabular reconstruction was performed using a wedge of the patient's femoral head. The size of the wedge was planned preoperatively by placing the acetabular cup at the desired position and then measuring the distance from the cup to the superolateral acetabular rim (Fig. 1). Remaining acetabular cartilage is removed with the reamer until pin-point bleeding is seen. The wedge is placed at the site of the greatest acetabular deficiency, mostly superolaterally. Preliminary fixation is obtained by a K-wire (Fig. 2). Definitive fixation of the femoral head graft was achieved with two sometimes three 3.5 mm fully threaded cortical steel screws under intraoperative fluoroscopy. Reaming of the acetabulum was started with a very small size and was gradually increased until press-fit was achieved and the planned acetabular position of the last reamer was controlled under fluoroscopy before the definitive cup was impacted. In all cases, either a Versafit cup (n = 12) (Medacta International, Castel San Pietro, Switzerland), a Fitmore cup (n = 17) and different press-fit or cemented stems were used including Quadra-H (n = 12) (Medacta International, Castel San Pietro, Switzerland), Fitmore (n = 14) (Zimmer Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA), Exafit (n = 2) (Zimmer Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA), CMK original (n = 1) (Zimmer Inc., Warsaw, IN, USA) depending on the patient's anatomy.
Outcome measures
Demographic parameters, technical feasibility, clinical outcome measures including Western Ontario and McMaster Universities and Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC, 0 = best, 10 = worst results] [31] and Harris Hip Score [HHS, 0 = worst, 100 = best results] [32], surgical results (surgical time, blood loss, acetabular cup size), complications with and without implant revision were recorded from our electronic patient's chart. Blood loss was calculated by subtracting the volume of the intraoperative irrigation fluid from the total volume in the collection tank. Radiographic parameters were obtained from the X-ray images.
Radiography
Pre- and postoperative standardized anteroposterior pelvic and axial X-rays were analyzed and were available for all 29 hips. The radiographs were analyzed for developmental dysplasia of the hip for intraarticular leg length discrepancy (comparing the lesser trochanter to a horizontal line defined by the two teardrop figures) and compared to the preoperative state, medialization and distalization of the center of rotation was compared pre- and postoperatively as well as to the preoperative planning (Fig. 3). Acetabular cup inclination/version was assessed using the technique of Lewinnek et al. [33].
The postoperative radiographs during follow-up visits were also analyzed for radiolucent lines in the acetabulum according to DeLee and Charnley I–III [34]. The bony integration of the autograft was assessed and inferred by the disappearance of the femoral head–host interface and when visible, the appearance of bridging trabeculae across this interface. The radiograph was evaluated for evidence of possible screw loosening.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test unless specified otherwise. Differences were considered to be statistically significant for P values < 0.05. Results of the Mann–Whitney U test are reported as means, range and associated pvalues if not stated otherwise.
Results
The demographic information is depicted in Table 1.
Technical feasibility (n = 29)
Acetabular augmentation with femoral head autograft was feasible through a DAA in all cases. No conversion of the approach and no conversion of the acetabular augmentation was necessary to obtain the planned acetabular reconstruction.
Clinical outcome (n = 29)
Clinical and surgical outcomes are depicted in Table 2.
The mean WOMAC improved significantly from 5.5 (1.2–8.2) preoperatively to 0.87 (0–3.7) postoperatively (p < 0.001). The mean HHS Harris Hip score increased significantly from 55 (13–83) preoperatively to 97 (80–100) postoperatively (p < 0.001).
Surgical results (n = 29)
Mean intraoperative blood loss was 564 ml (200–1200), with one patient needing postoperative blood transfusion. The mean planned acetabular wedge size was 18 mm (9–30) comparable to the postoperatively measured wedge size of 18 mm (11–30). A significantly smaller acetabular cup size was used with an average of 46 mm (44–50) compared to the preoperatively measured femoral head diameter of 48 mm (42–53, p = 0.026). Acetabular cups of the following sizes were used 44 mm: 6, 46 mm: 13, 48 mm: 9, 50 mm: 1. Sufficient acetabular press-fit was achieved in all patients. No patients needed a cage or a multi-hole revision cup.
Leg length discrepancy was significantly reduced from a preoperative mean of 10 mm (0–34) to a mean of 4 mm (0–14)) (p = 0.035), whereas one of the two patients with a postoperative difference of 14 mm was intentionally planned to have a remaining leg length difference of 14 mm from 35 mm. The patient feels balanced and is doing very well. The second patient with a leg length difference of 14 mm was due to a two-stage procedure for bilateral dysplasia and was planned and temporary.
Complications (n = 29)
Overall there were five complications (17%) in four patients. We noted two nerve palsies of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (7%) which were both treated conservatively, one with pregabalin and one with a single perineural infiltration of local anesthetic. At the last follow-up, these patients had a WOMAC score of 1.1/0.1 and a HHS of 92 and 98. One deep venous thrombosis (3%) occurred despite prophylaxis with rivaroxaban 10 mg daily, treated conservatively without further medical consequences. We noted one superficial wound complication (3%) requiring wound debridement and closure of the skin without opening the fascia in an obese patient (BMI = 35 kg/m2). This occurred in the same patient who also developed a palsy of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve treated by perineural infiltration (s. above). This patient's follow-up was 52 months and was uneventful. We noted one progressive acetabular osteolysis (3%) seen in an asymptomatic patient 60 months after index surgery potentially due to PE wear as the patient was running actively and a non-highly crosslinked liner was used. Twelve months after PE liner and femoral head change and 72 months after index surgery the patient remained asymptomatic and the radiological follow-up did not show progression of the acetabular osteolysis.
Radiography (at 12 months after index surgery)
Radiographic information is summarized and depicted in Table 3. 19 hips were classified as Type A and 10 as Type B according to Hartofilakidis [35]. The mean planned size of the femoral autograft was 18 mm (9–30) and the postoperatively measured size was 18 mm (11–30). The maximal discrepancy of the planned and realized autograft was 6 mm in one case. No radiographic lucencies around the acetabular cup were seen 1 year after index surgery. Osseous anterior coverage of the acetabular cup as confirmed by a cross-table lateral radiograph was achieved in all patients. At the 1-year follow-up, all the bulk femoral head autografts were fully integrated in all patients and no loosening of the screws was seen. Adequate cup placement with a deviation of less than 3 mm to the planned COR in craniocaudal and mediolateral distance was seen in 80% of the patients. The center of rotation was significantly distalized by 9 mm (0–23, p < 0.0001) and significantly medialized by 18 mm (6–29, p < 0.0001). The achieved COR did not differ significantly from the planned COR in mediolateral direction (21 mm (15–32) vs. 22 mm (17–27)). The achieved COR on the other hand was significantly more distal then the planned COR (14 mm (5–20) vs. 17 mm (12–23), p = 0.04).
Discussion
The aim of this present study was to analyze the reliability, the clinical outcome, surgical results, complications with and without implant revision as well as radiographic parameters in primary THA with acetabular augmentation with a bulk femoral head autograft through a DAA. In our cohort, we were able to successfully perform acetabular augmentation and place an uncemented cup through the DAA in all cases without conversion of the approach. Thus, all the patients could benefit from the advantages of the DAA such as quicker rehabilitation, less postoperative pain, less pain medication and a shorter hospital length of stay as well as increased early functional outcomes [20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. While the muscle damage seen in this subgroup of patients (DDH) is greater than in less complex cases, this muscle damage especially seen in the obturator internus does not affect clinical outcome [36]. In addition to the advantages of the DAA discussed in the introduction, the supine position of the patient allows intraoperative fluoroscopy to verify the acetabular position not only regarding inclination and anteversion but also regarding the medialization and distalization of the COR. An average intended medialization of 18 mm and distalization of 9 mm of the COR was achieved [12, 13], increasing the lever arm and the pretension of the hip abductors, theoretically increasing hip function [6, 7] and potentially increasing longevity of the THA [8,9,10,11,12, 37]. The autograft was fully integrated after 1 year increasing the bone stock in these young patients potentially facilitating revision surgery. At last follow-up, the screws did not show any signs of loosening. No compromises had to be made regarding the anteversion of the cup (Table 3), despite the naturally shallow acetabulum and anterior wall deficiency typically seen in this patient collective. In our opinion, this is a clear advantage of using an autograft instead of using a larger acetabular cup, which is either implanted with clearly more anteversion or remains partially uncovered potentially leading to iliopsoas impingement [38]. As an alternative metallic foam augments could be used. In our opinion, the benefit of increasing the bone stock using an autograft is obvious and apart from the technical challenge and some fluoroscopy exposure there are no disadvantages. In addition, autografts are substantially cheaper than metallic foam augments.
After a mean follow-up of 35 months (12–137), no acetabular loosening was seen and no other acetabular cup was revised. In our series, we did not see any dislocation after a mean follow-up of 35 months (12–137), albeit a standard 28 mm prosthetic head was used in 28 cases and a DM cup was implanted in one patient due to the advanced age. This is less than the dislocation rate of approximately 3% described in the literature [39]. Achieving press-fit in the reconstructed acetabulum was possible in all cases; however, an additional screw fixation was deemed necessary in two cases.
An additional advantage of femoral head autografts is the increased pelvic bone stock which may facilitate revision surgery in the long term [15]. In the patients with a follow-up of more than 5 years (n = 7), the bone graft did not show radiological signs of resorption and remained fully integrated.
Uncemented acetabular components with femoral autografts for acetabular reconstruction in DDH have shown good short- and long-term results performed through anterolateral, lateral and posterolateral approaches [17,18,19, 40, 41].
The results presented in this study with THA performed through a direct anterior approach are comparable to the literature for femoral head autograft augmentation for DDH and acetabular segmental defects through other approaches. Zlatic et al. reported no acetabular loosening and three dislocations (5%) after a mean follow-up of 45 months in 61 patients and showed a full integration of the bone graft in all patients [19]. Yamaguchi et al. reported two (11%) acetabular loosening and no dislocations after a mean follow-up of 3.3 years in 18 hips and attributed the high rate of acetabular loosening to a lateral insertion of the acetabular component; a known risk factor [42]. This rate is higher than our 0% and is most likely explained by the high rate of severe dysplasia in their patient collective comprising of 55% Crowe type IV and possibly the slightly longer mean follow-up [43]. The bone grafts showed full integration in all 18 patients. DeWal et al. [40] reported no acetabular loosening in primary THA with 1 (7.7%) acetabular cup showing a radiolucency in all Charnley zones in a patient collective of 15 patients with a mean follow-up of 7.7 years. All grafts were fully incorporated without evidence of resorption. This study, however, can only be compared to ours to a limited extent as different indications were included, the most frequent indication, however, being DDH in seven cases (46.7%). Spangehl et al. reported 4 (9%) acetabular revisions, whereas only 1 (2%) was due to acetabular loosening and no dislocations in 44 patients after a mean follow-up of 7.5 years. 43 of 44 bone grafts showed no radiographic evidence of resorption [16].
There are limitations to the direct anterior approach in our hands. When a larger extension of the femur is necessary due to a higher degree of dysplasia, it is not possible to palpate the tension of the sciatic nerve through this approach. A femoral shortening osteotomy performed through a lateral subvastus approach would have to be done through a new incision. A distal extension of the direct anterior approach to perform a femoral shortening osteotomy poses a great risk for neurovascular structures supplying the quadriceps muscle [44]. We acknowledge that other authors perform THA for higher grade dysplasia as well with satisfactory results; however, we limit the indication to DDH grade A and B according to Hartofilakidis for the above-mentioned reasons. In higher grade dysplasia, we perform primary THA through a posterior approach to directly control the tension of the sciatic nerve and perform a femoral shortening osteotomy when necessary.
The present study has several limitations, including its retrospective design, relatively small cohort size, heterogeneity of implant models and the short minimal follow-up of 12 months [mean follow-up 35 months (12–137)]. However, there were no patients lost to follow-up and we do not expect any major changes in the results in the next 2–4 years as the acetabular cup was stable and the autograft is fully bony integrated in all patients. Therefore, this series shows a good and true validity and is of informative value. Patients with secondary osteoarthritis due to DDH benefit from the advantages of an anatomic placement of the COR and the DAA collectively.
Conclusion
Acetabular reconstruction with femoral head autograft in primary THA through a direct anterior approach seems to be a reliable option for the treatment of secondary osteoarthritis in patients with DDH Hartofilakidis grade A and B. Prospective cohort studies with a large sample population and a long-term follow-up are necessary to confirm our findings.
References
Wyles CC et al (2017) The John Charnley Award: redefining the natural history of osteoarthritis in patients with hip dysplasia and impingement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 475(2):336–350
Hartofilakidis G, Karachalios T (2004) Total hip arthroplasty for congenital hip disease. J Bone Joint Surg 86(2):242–250
Yang S, Cui Q (2012) Total hip arthroplasty in developmental dysplasia of the hip: review of anatomy, techniques and outcomes. World J Orthop 3(5):42–48
Bicanic G et al (2014) Current concept in dysplastic hip arthroplasty: techniques for acetabular and femoral reconstruction. World J Orthop 5(4):412–424
Frain P (1978) New geometric theory on the varization of the hip. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 64(7):563
Bjarnason JA, Reikeras O (2015) Changes of center of rotation and femoral offset in total hip arthroplasty. Ann Trans Med 3(22):355
Cameron H, Botsford D, Park Y (1996) Influence of the Crowe rating on the outcome of total hip arthroplasty in congenital hip dysplasia. J Arthroplasty 11(5):582–587
Callaghan J et al (1985) Results of revision for mechanical failure after cemented total hip replacement, 1979 to 1982. A two to five-year follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg 67(7):1074–1085
Baghdadi YM, Larson AN, Sierra RJ (2013) Restoration of the hip center during THA performed for protrusio acetabuli is associated with better implant survival. Clin Orthop Relat Res 471(10):3251–3259
Abolghasemian M et al (2013) Displacement of the hip center of rotation after arthroplasty of Crowe III and IV dysplasia: a radiological and biomechanical study. J Arthroplasty 28(6):1031–1035
Liebs T et al (2014) The influence of femoral offset on health-related quality of life after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg 96(1):36–42
Hirakawa K et al (2001) Effect of acetabular cup position and orientation in cemented total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 388:135–142
Delp SL et al (1996) How superior placement of the joint center in hip arthroplasty affects the abductor muscles. Clin Orthop Relat Res 328:137–146
Lee BP et al (1997) Bone—graft augmentation for acetabular deficiencies in total hip arthroplasty: results of long-term follow-up evaluation. J Arthroplasty 12(5):503–510
Farrell CM, Berry DJ, Cabanela ME (2005) Autogenous femoral head bone grafts for acetabular deficiency in total-hip arthroplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip: long-term effect on pelvic bone stock. J Arthroplasty 20(6):698–702
Spangehl MJ et al (2001) Uncemented acetabular components with bulk femoral head autograft for acetabular reconstruction in developmental dysplasia of the hip: results at five to twelve years. J Bone Joint Surg 83(10):1484–1489
Barrack RL, Newland CC (1990) Uncemented total hip arthroplasty with superior acetabular deficiency: femoral head autograft technique and early clinical results. J Arthroplasty 5(2):159–167
Silber DA, Engh CA (1990) Cementless total hip arthroplasty with femoral head bone grafting for hip dysplasia. J Arthroplasty 5(3):231–240
Zlatić M, Radojević B, Lazović C (1990) Reconstruction of the hypoplastic acetabulum in cementless arthroplasty of the hip. Int Orthop 14(4):371–375
Meneghini RM et al (2006) Muscle damage during MIS total hip arthroplasty: Smith-Peterson versus posterior approach. Clin Orthop Relat Res 453:293–298
Sheth NP et al (2013) Acetabular bone loss in revision total hip arthroplasty: evaluation and management. JAAOS 21(3):128–139
Barrett WP et al (2019) Prospective, randomized study of direct anterior approach vs posterolateral approach total hip arthroplasty: a concise 5-year follow-up evaluation. J Arthroplasty 34(6):1139–1142
Barrett WP, Turner SE, Leopold JP (2013) Prospective randomized study of direct anterior vs postero-lateral approach for total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 28(9):1634–1638
Martin CT et al (2013) A comparison of hospital length of stay and short-term morbidity between the anterior and the posterior approaches to total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 28(5):849–854
Connolly KP, Kamath AF (2016) Direct anterior total hip arthroplasty: comparative outcomes and contemporary results. World J Orthop 7(2):94
Mayr E et al (2009) A prospective randomized assessment of earlier functional recovery in THA patients treated by minimally invasive direct anterior approach: a gait analysis study. Clin Biomech 24(10):812–818
Nakata K et al (2009) A clinical comparative study of the direct anterior with mini-posterior approach: two consecutive series. J Arthroplasty 24(5):698–704
Taunton MJ et al (2014) Direct anterior total hip arthroplasty yields more rapid voluntary cessation of all walking aids: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Arthroplasty 29(9):169–172
Lesur E, Laude F (2004) Arthroplastie totale de hanche par voie antérieure et son évolution mini-invasive. EMC Rhumatol Orthop 1(5):445–453
Cadossi M et al (2017) Anterior approach in Total hip replacement. Orthopedics 40(3):e553–e556
Bellamy N (1988) Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient-relevant outcomes following total hip or knee arthroplasty in osteoarthritis. J Orthop Rheumatol 1:95–108
Harris W (1969) Traumatic arthritis of the hip after dislocation and acetabular fractures: an end-result study using a new method of result evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg 51(4):737–755
Lewinnek GE et al (1978) Dislocations after total hip-replacement arthroplasties. J Bone Joint Surg 60(2):217–220
De Lee JG, Charnley J (1976) Radiological demarcation of cemented sockets in total hip replacement. Clin Orthop Relat Res 121:20–32
Hartofilakidis G, Stamos K, Ioannidis T (1988) Low friction arthroplasty for old untreated congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg 70(2):182–186
Kawasaki M et al (2017) Muscle damage after total hip arthroplasty through the direct anterior approach for developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Arthroplasty 32(8):2466–2473
Yoder SA et al (1988) Total hip acetabular component position affects component loosening rates. Clin Orthop Relat Res 228:79–87
Dora C et al (2007) Iliopsoas impingement after total hip replacement: the results of non-operative management, tenotomy or acetabular revision. J Bone Joint Surg 89(8):1031–1035
Wang L et al (2012) Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty among patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Arthroplasty 27(5):764–769
DeWal H et al (2003) Use of structural bone graft with cementless acetabular cups in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 18(1):23–28
Yamaguchi T et al (2004) Cementless total hip arthroplasty using an autograft of the femoral head for marked acetabular dysplasia: case series. J Orthop Surg 12(1):14–18
Iida H et al (2000) Cemented total hip arthroplasty with acetabular bone graft for developmental dysplasia: long-term results and survivorship analysis. J Bone Joint Surg 82(2):176–184
Crowe J, Mani V, Ranawat C (1979) Total hip replacement in congenital dislocation and dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg 61:15–23
Grob K et al (2015) Distal extension of the direct anterior approach to the hip poses risk to neurovascular structures: an anatomical study. J Bone Joint Surg 97(2):126–132
Funding
Open Access funding provided by Universität Zürich. Institutional funding is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
None.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Kaiser, D., Ried, E., Zingg, P.O. et al. Acetabular reconstruction with femoral head autograft in primary total hip arthroplasty through a direct anterior approach is a reliable option for patients with secondary osteoarthritis due to developmental dysplasia of the hip. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 142, 2957–2964 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-04187-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-021-04187-2