Abstract
Purpose
Conventional Abrams biopsy shows low sensitivity in suspected malignant pleural disease. There are limited data on the improvement in sensitivity by adding in image guidance. This retrospective study compares the diagnostic sensitivity of Abrams biopsy using ultrasound guidance with CT-guided Tru-Cut biopsy in suspected malignant pleural disease.
Methods
Data were collected from 2006 to 2012 of patients who underwent image-guided biopsies for suspected non-tuberculous pleural disease. Data were collected on the result of the initial biopsy and final patient diagnosis as of June 2015.
Results
Sixty-three patients underwent image-guided Abrams biopsy and 29 underwent CT-guided Tru-Cut biopsies. The sensitivity of Abrams was 71.43 % compared to 75 % in the CT-guided Tru-Cut group. Specificity was 100 % in both groups.
Conclusions
Image-guided Abrams biopsies demonstrate comparable diagnostic sensitivity in malignant pleural disease to CT-guided Tru-Cut biopsy.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
There are more than sixty recognised causes for pleural effusion. Pleural fluid biochemistry and cytology are often the first invasive test. In suspected malignant pleural disease, diagnostic thoracocentesis offers a positive cytological diagnosis in 50–60 % of cases [1], with a sequential gain of 27–31 % from a repeat procedure [2]. If pleural fluid cytology is negative, histology is necessary to establish the diagnosis. Thoracoscopic pleural biopsy remains the gold standard with a diagnostic yield of up to 99 % [3–5]. However, patients need to be sufficiently fit enough to undergo either video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or local anaesthetic “medical” thoracoscopy. Percutaneous pleural biopsy is a less invasive alternative, particularly indicated when pleural malignancy or tuberculosis is suspected.
Historically closed pleural biopsies are mostly performed using an Abrams needle or Tru-Cut needle. Abrams needles are reversed bevelled punch biopsy needles that allow tissue sampling to be performed as a day case in a dedicated procedural area or at the bedside depending on local practice. When performed in the traditional sense as a “blind” procedure, the diagnostic sensitivity in malignant disease is variable (between 40 and 73 % [6–8]). Although real-time visualisation with ultrasound (US) whilst using Abrams needle is not possible, it can be used to direct site selection during the procedure, increasing yield to 60–77.4 % [9]. Incorporating CT guidance to target areas of pleural disease has been shown to increase the sensitivity to 87.5 % [10].
Percutaneous CT-guided Tru-Cut cutting needle biopsies are considered a superior diagnostic method. These are typically performed by radiologists. The diagnostic sensitivity in malignant disease is consistently superior to blind Abrams biopsy at approximately 87 % [6, 11].
There are no studies comparing ultrasound-guided Abrams to CT-guided Tru-Cut biopsies in malignant pleural disease. We hypothesise that ultrasound-directed percutaneous Abrams biopsies will produce comparable results to CT-guided Tru-Cut biopsy. We retrospectively evaluated both approaches, following up patients over 3 years to assess the sensitivity of these diagnostic modalities in suspected malignant disease.
Materials and Methods
As a retrospective service evaluation, written patient informed consent and regional ethics approval were not required. Local clinical governance committee approval was needed for the use of patient records, which was obtained.
Using radiology and pleural clinic databases, we identified all patients who underwent a CT-guided Tru-Cut pleural biopsy or US-guided Abrams pleural biopsy for suspected non-tuberculous pleural disease with no cytological diagnosis on previous fluid aspirate from February 2005 to September 2012 at Guys and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust. We reviewed hospital inpatient documentation, radiological reports, clinic letters, cytological, and histological results. All procedures were performed on an outpatient basis, unless the patient had already been admitted to hospital. Patients with suspected or proven granulomatous disease were excluded. Suspicion of granulomatous disease was defined as clinical and/or radiological features highly suggestive of pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the absence of positive microbiological confirmation at the time of pleural biopsy.
Abrams Biopsy
This is performed in a designated area in an outpatient setting by a trained and experienced consultant and supervised specialist registrars. Ultrasound image guidance is employed to identify sites of pleural abnormality. Under local anaesthesia, closed pleural biopsies are then performed using a reverse-bevelled Abram biopsy needle.
CT-Guided Tru-Cut Needle Biopsy
Cases are vetted at radiology meetings based on their amenability to biopsy. These are performed under local anaesthesia by trained interventional radiologists. CT is used to directly visualise and target the biopsy site with a Tru-Cut cutting needle.
We recorded the histological result of the initial biopsy in both groups. The standard employed to determine diagnostic accuracy was a final diagnosis of mesothelioma or metastatic pleural malignancy made up to September 2015 or at death (whichever came sooner). If a patient died within the follow-up period, clinical notes were reviewed to ascertain if a cancer diagnosis was made at the time of death. The volume of biopsy specimens was attained from the histology reports. Data on subsequent pleural procedures were also recorded.
Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 22. Continuous data are summarised as mean with standard deviation (for normally distributed data) or median with 25–75 % interquartile range (for data with a skewed distribution). Binary data are presented as percentages. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for variables with skewed distribution.
Results
Diagnostic Utility
During the study period 63 patients underwent Abrams biopsy and 29 patients underwent CT-guided biopsy for suspected non-tuberculous pleural disease (Table 1). Final cancer diagnoses are available in supplementary table S1.
In the US Abrams group (Fig. 1) , malignancy was identified in 25 (39.6 %) patients from the initial biopsy. Biopsies were non-diagnostic (no pleural tissue) in two cases. The remaining 36 (57.1 %) had either normal histology or was consistent with a benign process. One of these patients was deemed unfit for further investigation and given a clinical diagnosis of pleural malignancy and two patients had concurrent fluid cytology consistent with malignancy. Sixteen of these patients had subsequent procedures with six histological and one clinical diagnosis of malignancy made. Of 17 patients that underwent regular follow-up, all either remained well or died within the follow-up period of a non-malignant cause. Including those patients with a clinical diagnosis of malignancy, the overall sensitivity of ultrasound-guided Abrams needle biopsy is 71.4 %, specificity 100 % with a positive predictive value of 100 % and negative predictive value of 72.2 %.
Of the 25 initial Abrams biopsies malignancy, concurrent cytology was available in 23 cases. Thirteen (56.5 %) concurrent samples demonstrated positive cytology confirming malignant cells with 10 (43.5 %) cases failing to yield the diagnosis.
In the CT Tru-Cut group (Fig. 2), malignancy was identified in 15 (68.8 %) patients. Biopsy was non-diagnostic in two (6.3 %) cases. Both patients underwent further sampling demonstrating malignant disease. Twelve (41.4 %) patients had histology consistent with benign disease, five of which underwent a repeat procedure yielding a malignant diagnosis. Four remained well with no diagnosis of malignant disease during the follow-up period. One patient was discharged to a nursing home and lost to further follow-up. Two patients died secondary to a non-malignant cause. Assuming the patient lost to follow-up had a final diagnosis of a benign condition, the sensitivity of CT-guided Tru-Cut biopsy is 75 %, specificity 100 % with a positive predictive value of 100 %, and negative predictive value of 58.3 %. The radiology appearances of pleural disease targeted in the CT biopsy group can be found in supplementary table S2.
Biopsy Specimen Size
Data were available on the 86 individual biopsy specimens in the Abrams group vs 56 in the Tru-Cut group (Table 2 and Fig. 3).
Discussion
Our retrospective evaluation shows that ultrasound-directed Abrams biopsy offers superior sensitivity compared to published data with the conventional “blind” approach [6]. The use of image guidance is the only difference in our series increasing the diagnostic yield versus the published literature. A considerable proportion of those with a positive Abrams biopsy had concurrent negative cytology, suggesting that image-guided biopsies may be useful in patients with negative cytology. It also demonstrates comparable sensitivity to the CT group, the performance of which is slightly poorer than published data where the diagnostic yield is quoted as 87 % [12]. A possible explanation is that in our tertiary centre, patients referred for CT biopsy are highly selected, with the radiological feature of pleural nodularity which may prove challenging to access percutaneously.
Thoracic ultrasound is a useful tool in malignant disease which may allow further visualisation and targeting of disease. One study was able to identify 73 % of malignant effusions on US appearance alone with pleural thickening >10 mm, pleural nodularity and diaphragmatic thickening >7 mm highly suggestive of malignant disease [13]. Ultrasound may also be used with Tru-Cut needle biopsies with the advantage of real-time visualisation (as opposed to US-directed site selection with an Abrams needle). Incorporating ultrasound increases the diagnostic yield in malignancy of the Tru-Cut needle to between 70 and 85.5 % [14, 15] compared to 54 % with a blind approach [16]. With growing US expertise amongst respiratory physicians, it has shown to be safe in the hands of respiratory physicians for lesions greater than 20 mm in diameter.
Biopsy volume was significantly larger in the Abrams group. A possible explanation for this is that the Abrams needle used in our case series is eight gauge versus the commonly used Tru-Cut needle sizes between 16 and 19 gauge used in our institute. Although the volume of tissue is significantly lower in the Tru-Cut group, the real-time image guidance afforded in this technique may allow focused targeting of pleural tissue resulting in a satisfactory diagnostic yield. This is also reflected in a study by Koegelenberg et al. which suggests a comparable yield in pleural malignancy between US-guided Abrams and US Tru-Cut biopsies [17].
These results should be interpreted with caution given significant selection bias in our data. The decision of the biopsy technique employed was taken by the physician in a centre with a dedicated pleural service based on clinical data, point of care ultrasound findings, experience and expertise. Those referred for CT biopsy had either minimal effusions (which would preclude the use of Abrams) or a target area not easily identifiable on ultrasound. Cases are also vetted by radiologists resulting in a narrowly selected group of patients. It is also reasonable to assume that those with disease that is difficult to access percutaneously or no focal pleural abnormality would undergo an alternative diagnostic pathway.
The strength of our study is the 3-year follow-up period, which will reduce the false-negative rate. To our knowledge, there are no published data on long-term follow-up investigating the false-negative rate following image-guided biopsies. It also has real world applicability, especially as the population studied has followed a pathway where the choice of biopsy technique depends heavily on the clinical and radiological picture.
Conclusion
Image-guided pleural biopsy is useful in the diagnostic workup of a selected group of patients with suspected non-tuberculous pleural disease. A larger prospective trial is needed for a more definitive answer. Although one single technique may not be suitable for all patients, a satisfactory diagnostic yield is achieved if the biopsy method is selected based on clinical and radiological amenability, as well as operator experience and confidence.
References
Hirsch A, Ruffie P, Nebut M, Bignon J, Chretien J (1979) Pleural effusion: laboratory tests in 300 cases. Thorax 34(1):106–112
Koegelenberg CF, Diacon AH (2013) Image-guided pleural biopsy. Current opinion pulmonary med 19(4):368–373
Harris RJ, Kavuru MS, Mehta AC, Medendorp SV, Wiedemann HP, Kirby TJ, Rice TW (1995) The impact of thoracoscopy on the management of pleural disease. Chest 107(3):845–852
Menzies R, Charbonneau M (1991) Thoracoscopy for the diagnosis of pleural disease. Ann Intern Med 114(4):271–276
Page RD, Jeffrey RR, Donnelly RJ (1989) Thoracoscopy: a review of 121 consecutive surgical procedures. Ann thorac surg 48(1):66–68
Maskell N, Gleeson F, Davies R (2003) Standard pleural biopsy versus CT-guided cutting-needle biopsy for diagnosis of malignant disease in pleural effusions: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361(9366):1326–1330
Chakrabarti B, Ryland I, Sheard J, Warburton CJ, Earis JE (2006) The role of Abrams percutaneous pleural biopsy in the investigation of exudative pleural effusions. CHEST J 129(6):1549–1555
Chang D-B, Yang P, Luh K-T, Kuo S, Yu C-J (1991) Ultrasound-guided pleural biopsy with Tru-Cut needle. CHEST J 100(5):1328–1333
Botana-Rial M, Leiro-Fernandez V, Represas-Represas C, Gonzalez-Pineiro A, Tilve-Gomez A, Fernandez-Villar A (2013) Thoracic ultrasound-assisted selection for pleural biopsy with Abrams needle. Respir care 58(11):1949–1954. doi:10.4187/respcare.02378
Metintas M, Ak G, Dundar E, Yildirim H, Ozkan R, Kurt E, Erginel S, Alatas F, Metintas S (2010) Medical thoracoscopy vs CT scan-guided Abrams pleural needle biopsy for diagnosis of patients with pleural effusions: a randomized, controlled trial. CHEST J 137(6):1362–1368
Rezk NASA, Aly NYA, El-Hadidy TA, Dashti K (2015) CT-guided biopsy versus conventional Abram’s needle biopsy in malignant pleural effusion. Egypt J Chest Dis Tuberc 64(2):405–409
Medford A, Bennett J (2010) Chronic sterile empyema. QJM 103(5):355
Qureshi NR, Rahman NM, Gleeson FV (2009) Thoracic ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. Thorax 64(2):139–143. doi:10.1136/thx.2008.100545
Dixon G, de Fonseka D, Maskell N (2015) Pleural controversies: image guided biopsy vs. thoracoscopy for undiagnosed pleural effusions? J Thorac Dis 7(6):1041–1051. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.36
Chang DB, Yang PC, Luh KT, Kuo SH, Yu CJ (1991) Ultrasound-guided pleural biopsy with Tru-Cut needle. Chest 100(5):1328–1333
Botana Rial M, Briones Gomez A, Ferrando Gabarda JR, Cifuentes Ruiz JF, Guarin Corredor MJ, Manchego Frach N, Cases Viedma E (2014) Tru-cut needle pleural biopsy and cytology as the initial procedure in the evaluation of pleural effusion. Arch Bronconeumol 50(8):313–317. doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2013.12.011
Koegelenberg CF, Bolliger CT, Theron J, Walzl G, Wright CA, Louw M, Diacon AH (2010) Direct comparison of the diagnostic yield of ultrasound-assisted Abrams and Tru-Cut needle biopsies for pleural tuberculosis. Thorax 65(10):857–862. doi:10.1136/thx.2009.125146
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Dr Liju Ahmed is the Chief Investigator for the OPTIMUM Trial, funded by CareFusion Ltd. Dr Parthipan Sivakumar is the Trial Coordinator for the OPTIMUM Trial, funded by CareFusion Ltd. There are no conflicts of interest with regards to the data presented.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Sivakumar, P., Jayaram, D., Rao, D. et al. Ultrasound-Guided Abrams Pleural Biopsy vs CT-Guided Tru-Cut Pleural Biopsy in Malignant Pleural Disease, a 3-Year Follow-up Study. Lung 194, 911–916 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-016-9933-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-016-9933-9