Abstract
Purpose
The introduction of comprehensive tumour genomic profiling (CGP) into clinical oncology allows the identification of molecular therapeutic targets. However, the potential complexity of genomic results and their implications may cause confusion and distress for patients undergoing CGP. We investigated the experience of advanced cancer patients receiving CGP results in a research setting.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews with 37 advanced cancer patients were conducted within two weeks of patients receiving CGP results. Interviewees were purposively sampled based on CGP result, cancer type, age and gender to ensure diversity. Themes were derived from interview transcripts using a framework analysis approach.
Results
We identified six themes: (1) hoping against the odds; (2) managing expectations; (3) understanding is cursory; (4) communication of results is cursory; (5) genomics and incurable cancer; and (6) decisions about treatment.
Conclusion
Despite enthusiasm regarding CGP about the hope it provides for new treatments, participants experienced challenges in understanding results, and acceptance of identified treatments was not automatic. Support is needed for patients undergoing CGP to understand the implications of testing and cope with non-actionable results.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
It is widely recognised that cancer is initiated in the genome [1]. Improved understanding of the tumorigenesis process has allowed the development of more effective approaches for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality. Comprehensive tumour genomic profiling (CGP) allows the identification of molecular characteristics in tumour tissue that can be targeted with inhibitor drugs [2]. The use of such agents allows clinicians to treat only patients who will likely benefit, thus avoiding unnecessary side effects in others.
While, in many ways, CGP is similar to common genetic tests undertaken in oncology to identify relevant treatments [3], the range of potential results adds an extra layer of complexity that can confuse and distress patients and their families. Apart from actionable findings to inform treatment decisions, results may include the identification of molecular characteristics with uncertain therapeutic potential, leading to uncertainty for both patient and clinician. Occasionally, CGP identifies germline changes that have implications for biological relatives. Patients may be unaware of this possibility and therefore be unprepared to receive these findings [4]. Disappointment with non-actionable findings, findings of unknown significance or lack of access to trial drugs may be difficult for patients to cope with, particularly if other therapeutic options have been exhausted [5, 6]. Thus, the negative psychosocial impacts of CGP are of concern.
Tumour testing of breast cancer patients has been shown to reduce self-efficacy and increase levels of depression, anxiety and uncertainty. Researchers have suggested that this may be due to the disempowerment of patients regarding confidence to navigate cancer care due to a poor understanding of the process. [7, 8]. Similarly, our group reported that advanced cancer patients who received non-actionable CGP results had increased distress and lower satisfaction with their decision to undergo CGP than patients with actionable results [9]. Those with actionable results who were offered treatment within a research programme reported lower anxiety and depression and higher hope than those offered treatment through their (community) oncologist. Other studies have shown that patients do not regret the decision to undertake CGP, even in the absence of positive results [10].
Pre-test education is not standard for patients undergoing CGP [11], and the need for more research to inform the development of tools to reduce anxiety and negative outcomes has been identified [4, 5]. Thus, the purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the experience of advanced cancer patients receiving and responding to diverse CGP results, in order to identify the areas where they may require support.
Methods
The Molecular Screening and Therapeutics (MoST) programme is an Australia-wide cancer genomic study recruiting adult (≥ 18 years) patients with pathologically confirmed advanced or metastatic solid cancers. To be eligible, patients need sufficient accessible tissue for CGP, and to either be receiving the last line of treatment or to have exhausted therapeutic options [12]. The programme uses a customised bioinformatic pipeline to identify potential treatment targets for patients. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines are used when considering what is potentially actionable in the germline arising from tumour testing [12]. Participants are referred by their community oncologist, who receives the results and supervises treatment choices.
MoST participants undergo CGP and can receive one of three results: (1) actionable, with a clinical trial available through MoST (actionable – MoST sub-study); (2) actionable, no clinical trial available through MoST (actionable – other treatment); or (3) no actionable variant (NAV). If there is a relevant therapeutic trial available through the MoST programme for actionable findings, participants are offered enrolment. Notably, germline findings are processed through MoST, but at the time this study was conducted, no participant had received germline results through the programme.
The Psychosocial issues in Genomic Oncology (PiGeOn) Project is a longitudinal, mixed-methods sub-study of the MoST programme which investigates the psychosocial, ethical and behavioural implications for patients undertaking CGP [13]. Participants consent to participate in the PiGeOn Project while consenting to the MoST programme. The consent process involved a verbal explanation of the study by a researcher, accompanied by written information about the study purpose and processes. Both studies were approved by the St Vincent’s Hospital Human Research Ethics committee (Reference HREC/16/SVH/23).
The PiGeOn Project collects questionnaire data from all participants and conducts semi-structured telephone interviews with a subset of participants at baseline, within two weeks of receiving results (8–10 weeks), and 2 months later. This paper reports on interviews from the second time point (post-result-receipt). Interview participants were purposively sampled based on CGP result, cancer type, age and gender to ensure a heterogeneous sample.
Interviews were conducted between November 2017 and May 2019 by two researchers (NB, AF), continuing until data saturation (no new information after three consecutive interviews) [14]. Interviews explored participant responses to the return of results and subsequent treatment decisions and lasted an average of 24 min. Questions were developed iteratively to explore themes identified during data analysis. These primarily concerned the reasoning for decisions made regarding treatment. Demographic details were collected by the parent study.
Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed by framework analysis [15]. Individual coding of transcripts was completed by three researchers (MB, PB and NB) to determine a coding tree, which was applied to further transcripts and developed into themes. Rigour was derived from successive discussions and review of the coding process by researchers until theoretical coding was complete. Differences were resolved through discussion, with the multidisciplinary nature of the research team (psychology, medicine) ensuring reflexivity [16].
Results
Thirty-seven participants were interviewed. Interviewees were, on average, 61.9 years old, and 49% were female. There was a predominance of rare cancer diagnoses, and an actionable result was available for 67.6% of participants – 27.1% with a clinical trial available through MoST and 40.5% with another treatment (see Table 1).
This was a cohort of advanced cancer patients who had reached the end of their therapeutic options and were undergoing CGP to see whether a novel treatment could be identified. If not, these patients had a poor prognosis. Despite enthusiasm regarding the hope CGP provided for new treatments, participants experienced challenges in understanding results, and uptake of identified treatments was not automatic. The experience of the cancer trajectory remained dominant. We identified six themes: (1) hoping against the odds; (2) managing expectations; (3) understanding is cursory; (4) communication of results is cursory; (5) genomics and incurable cancer; and (6) decisions about treatment. Illustrative quotes are provided in Table 2 with sub-theme headings, participant study ID and type of result received: (1) actionable, with a clinical trial available through MoST (MoST); (2) actionable, no clinical trial available through MoST but other treatment through oncologist (OT); or (3) no actionable variant (NAV).
Hoping against the odds
Most participants saw CGP as a way of having a back-up when other treatment approaches failed. Testing was a way of having some hope versus no hope, or a way to keep hope alive. Participants hoped for tailored treatments that would be effective and/or have fewer side effects than chemotherapy.
Some participants who did not receive an actionable result were aware of having their hopes dashed. This was generally faced with stoicism and acceptance; however, some participants were disappointed on receiving non-actionable results. ‘There was nothing available at this present time to assist me. I was aware that might be the case, but I was hoping against all odds…’ ( K910. NAV).
Some participants hoped that the testing would increase knowledge about their type of cancer and the tumour make-up, which would lead to more treatment options for them. Participants also hoped for personal benefit from future advances even if no options existed currently or in the short term. This was based on the assumption that researchers would keep checking their results, a service which was not included in this study but for which they were willing to pay, and also that new treatments would appear regularly.
There was a strong sense of altruism in the cohort, with the hope of being able to contribute to future treatments, whether or not actionable results were immediately forthcoming. There was also a prevalent idea amongst the group that they were part of exciting scientific breakthroughs.
Managing expectations
Researchers and oncologists had emphasised to participants the need for low expectations prior to the receipt of results. They were so successful with this that actionable results were a surprise to some participants. However, participants appreciated this honesty.
Participants also made a point of keeping their expectations low to protect themselves from disappointment, should a non-actionable result be received.
Despite the warnings from their oncologists, some participants persisted in hoping for a cure or had high expectations of an actionable result. In this cohort, the majority of participants had been diagnosed with rare cancer. This seemed to have altered participants’ sense of probability, i.e., that the ‘norm’ did not apply to them, and led to optimistic rather than pessimistic predictions regarding results. Some still hoped for a cure despite negative results.
Regardless of the result outcome, there were no regrets for most participants, as they felt satisfied that they had pursued every possible option for treatment that was open to them.
Understanding is cursory
Participants were confused about how genomic testing related to cancer treatment, which could mean that they did not discuss their results with others, such as family members and their general practitioner. Despite this poor understanding, a simplistic understanding that CGP would identify targets for possible treatment was enough to encourage them.
Participants also tended to have a limited understanding of what germline changes were, and whether the changes identified were in the blood sample taken for the study and/or the tumour biopsy. This resulted in uncertainty about the implications of their CGP results for family members, primarily that tumour tests may be relevant to blood relatives.
Participants described how their understanding about genomics improved over time during the study, through exposure to media such as television and the study itself. Improved understanding did not change their positive attitude to testing. Often relatives or carers, who had accompanied the participant on the disease trajectory, had a better understanding through the information they had picked up while spending time at the hospital.
Communication of results is cursory
Many participants described challenges in accessing their CGP results. There were several reasons for this.
Poor coordination between hospital services meant that results could be difficult for participants to access. Complaints were made that the return of results by the oncologist was typically delayed. Even when presenting to the oncologist once results were available, many participants described communication as non-optimal, brief, and uninformative – followed by immediate referral back to the research team. There was an obvious mismatch in these brief encounters between the hope invested in CGP by the patient and the minor interest of the oncologist.
Comprehension of results was often poor, and many participants could not articulate the treatment implications. Within the consultation, miscommunication about germline, immunotherapy and tumour markers appeared to occur – whether this was related to how it was given or received was not clear. Some participants received copies of their CGP report from their oncologist on an ad hoc basis, which was appreciated by those with a sense of ownership of results, despite poor understanding.
In the few cases where communication of results was felt to be good, participants noted that the use of lay terminology and optimistic language from oncologists was appreciated. In some instances, the communication was short and simple, which could be fine if appropriate (for example, with negative results). Participants appeared to have a range of information needs and needed to make sense of their results according to their beliefs about their own tumour.
Some participants preferred their trusted, known oncologist to give them their results, as this person could personalise the information for them. In the case of actionable results, reassurance from the oncologist that pursuing tailored treatment was a good move was appreciated. For non-actionable results, the oncologist could be comforting and able to discuss the next steps for the patient independent of genomics (unlike the researchers). Other participants would have preferred to get their results from researchers in the MoST programme (not possible in this study), on the grounds that their oncologist may be biased against new innovative treatments as they were more familiar with traditional chemotherapy approaches. The researchers were also seen as more ‘expert’ by some participants.
Some participants were more concerned with the character of the healthcare professional who returned results, wanting a holistic, person-centred focus and good people skills, such as in a general practitioner. Others preferred of a combination of these communication styles.
Participants suggested that extra staff were required to help review the information returned to patients and clarify what was communicated in layman’s terms. They would have liked this to include supplementary written information to take home, which was also written in lay terms.
Genomics and incurable cancer
In the interviews, while the novelty of genomic testing was appreciated, participants kept returning to their cancer diagnosis as the central issue around which all other issues revolved. Immediate issues, such as staging scans, were often of more import than future therapeutic choices.
Some participants expressed a sense of ‘plodding on’ in an uncertain, grim situation, expressing low expectations regarding the testing process, with emotional responses to results muted by emotional exhaustion.
Apart from any therapeutic benefits, participants found genomic testing useful for understanding their own cancer trajectory, for example, previous responses to chemotherapy.
Decisions about treatment
Participants were asked about how they decided whether to proceed with the novel therapies identified through CGP. In the transcripts, participants described the process by which they worked through the implications of their results, and the information they sought to come to a decision.
After gathering information, some participants made treatment decisions themselves, with others sharing this decision with their oncologist.
While the family were important in the role of advocating for the patient, or being available to discuss results, they tended not to be involved with treatment decision-making. This might be because of privacy reasons or because participants did not want their choices questioned. For example, participants reported that family members were more often concerned than they were themselves about the chance of being randomised to a placebo in a clinical trial. Another reason for excluding family from treatment decisions was their lack of knowledge about genomics and their anticipated lack of comprehension.
Many issues were considered as participants weighed up whether to proceed with the proffered treatments. Despite the strong motivation to find new treatments prompting most of the participants to undergo CGP, uptake of therapy was not necessarily automatic. Other issues such as drug efficacy, travel and accommodation requirements for treatment, carer availability and drug cost were also of interest. These were viewed as barriers to accessing treatment for some. Other participants who were on last-line therapy which was still working, remaining on the known and familiar treatment (‘the devil you know’) was the preference. Some participants were just desperate to prolong life now they were at the end of the line, willing to try anything. Others felt there were limits to what treatments they could endure, given their previous experiences. When treatments were available through testing, but the patient was ineligible by the time results were received, patients were very disappointed.
Discussion
This qualitative study investigated the experience of advanced cancer patients receiving CGP results. We found that, regardless of the test results received, participants were glad that they had joined the study and been tested. The opportunity for CGP was seen as a positive experience, in terms of the hope it gave for extended survival. Even when results were non-actionable, participants were encouraged by their contribution to science and cancer treatment in general, and possibly future treatments for themselves. However, despite this enthusiasm, the decision to access identified treatments was not automatic.
We found that this cohort generally had limited understanding of what CGP involved and the significance of results for treatment or family members. While all participants had given informed consent, receipt of relevant information seemed to vary. There is no way of knowing what study participants are actually told, or how much written content they comprehend. Some patients reported that understanding had improved due to media coverage of genomics, but we note that only 13.5% of patients had previously attended a genetics clinic, and so may have had little previous exposure to genetics. Previous studies suggest that clinicians cannot assume baseline knowledge of genetics and that confusion between somatic and germline testing is not uncommon [17, 18]. While participants reported that self-perceived knowledge improved over time, Adams and colleagues found that objective knowledge of genomics did not improve through contact with a CGP research project alone [7]. These findings suggest that more work is required to identify what is needed to adequately educate patients about their care particularly in the context of informed consent for CGP. Borno and colleagues have suggested that as a minimum both the benefits and risks (including secondary findings and germline changes) should be communicated by clinicians in the context of somatic testing [4]. In this study, management of expectations by both participants and their clinicians ameliorated disappointment. Standardisation of pre-test counselling may avoid unnecessary distress by ensuring that patients understand the likelihood of positive results and the implications of CGP prior to testing [4].
Many participants experienced difficulty in accessing their CGP results. Some of these problems appeared to be a result of poor communication between the research hospital and the community oncologists. There were also problems for some participants in understanding the implications of their results and how they should respond, which has been seen in other cohorts [19]. This may have been compounded by the difficulty some oncologists experience in explaining CGP results, as reported in other studies [20]. This highlights the ongoing need for improved genomic literacy amongst oncologists as mainstreaming genomics becomes more common [21]. Although support will be, to some extent, resource-dependent [22], there may be a role for genetic counsellors in the somatic genomic testing space to facilitate patient understanding of results [4]. Given that over 10% of cancer patients may have germline changes [23] and given the long-term implications of such changes for family members, genetic counsellors would also be able to provide the needed ongoing support for biological relatives. Referral to such services should be considered at the time of CGP result return (if necessary). Enhanced reporting of results, where the genomic result from the laboratory report is presented in language accessible by patients, family members and non-genetic providers, may also be helpful for oncologists in this setting [19].
Despite the desire for access to novel treatments driving the decision to participate [17], decisions regarding whether to act on positive results were made with consideration of a wide range of factors beyond merely the potential for prolonging life. Factors considered included treatment cost, side effects, efficacy and practical considerations such as carer availability and long travelling distances to access treatment. The long-term impact of the cancer trajectory on the lives of participants was notable, and decisions were made within this context.
Concern regarding the impact of precision medicine on cancer patients who receive negative results has been previously expressed [5]. Approximately one-third of our cohort (32.4%) received negative (NAV) results, which is below the average reported in the literature [23]. A psychological assessment of this cohort in a separate study found that the return of negative results was associated with increased distress [9]. A further group of patients who may suffer during this process are those who have positive findings from CGP but are unable to access the identified treatment whether due to ill health or logistics. We identified this experience in this cohort. Currently this group comprises the majority of patients who receive actionable results [24]. It is possible that this group of patients may experience emotional reactions that could influence treatment-related behaviours, such as loss of confidence in ‘non-targeted’ treatments, with the potential to undermine treatment compliance [5, 25] or contribute to a reluctance to undergo somatic testing [4]. We found a high interest in testing and suggest that rather than avoiding CGP in clinical practice, oncologists should consider the support needs of patients who are unable to proceed to new treatments following receipt of CGP results. Oncologist training in returning bad news and involvement of psychologically trained caretakers may help them respond to patient distress associated with the potential lack of treatment options and fear of dying [26].
As a limitation, no participants received germline results during this study, so we were unable to assess the impact of this type of result return. This should be examined in future. This cohort was enrolled in a research study, and participants may have been biased towards novel treatments.
Conclusion
In this cohort of advanced cancer patients undergoing CGP, attitudes about the testing process were positive overall. Participants receiving actionable results needed to consider the wider implications of treatment before proceeding, and those receiving non-actionable results, or unable to access treatments, while experiencing disappointment, were satisfied that they had explored this option. Patient support during the return of CGP results, in the form of education provision and possible referral to a genetic counsellor, is recommended.
Data availability
The data is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA Jr, Kinzler KW (2013) Cancer Genome Landsc Sci 339:1546–1558
Shaw KRM, Maitra A (2019) The status and impact of clinical tumor genome sequencing. Annu Rev Genom Hum Genet 20:413–432
Costain G, Cohn RD, Scherer SW, Marshall CR (2021) Genome sequencing as a diagnostic test. CMAJ 193:E1626–E1629
Borno HT, Rider JR, Gunn CM (2020) The ethics of delivering precision medicine—pretest counseling and somatic genomic testing. JAMA Oncol 6(6):815–816
McBride CM, Guan Y, Hay JL (2019) Regarding the Yin and Yang of precision cancer-screening and treatment: are we creating a neglected majority? Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:4168
Zikmund-Fisher BJ (2017) When “actionable” genomic sequencing results cannot be acted upon. JAMA oncology 3:891–892
Adams EJ, Asad S, Reinbolt R, Collier KA, Abdel-Rasoul M, Gillespie S, Chen JL, Cherian MA, Noonan AM, Sardesai S, VanDeusen J, Wesolowski R, Williams N, Shapiro CL, Macrae ER, Pilarski R, Toland AE, Senter L, Ramaswamy B, Lee CN, Lustberg MB, Stover DG (2019) Metastatic breast cancer patient perception of somatic tumor genomic testing. BMC Cancer 20(1):1–11
Bartley N, Best MC, Biesecker BB, Fisher A, Goldstein D, Meiser B, Thomas DM, Ballinger ML, Butow P (2021) Effectively communicating comprehensive tumor genomic profiling results: mitigating uncertainty for advanced cancer patients. Patient Educ Couns 105(2):452–459
Butow P, Best M, Bartley N, Davies G, Schlub T, Napier C, Ballinger M, Juraskova I, Meiser B, Goldstein D, Biesecker B, Thomas D (2022) Psychological impact of comprehensive genomic profiling results to advanced cancer patients. Patient Educ Couns 105(7):2206–2216
Marron JM, DuBois SG, Bender JG, Kim A, Crompton BD, Meyer SC, Janeway KA, Mack JW (2016) Patient/parent perspectives on genomic tumor profiling of pediatric solid tumors: the Individualized Cancer Therapy (iCat) experience. Pediatr Blood & Cancer 63:1974–1982
Vadaparampil ST, Scherr CL, Cragun D, Malo TL, Pal T (2015) Pre-test genetic counseling services for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer delivered by non-genetics professionals in the state of Florida. Clin Genet 87:473–477
Thavaneswaran S, Sebastian L, Ballinger M, Best M, Hess D, Lee CK, Sjoquist KM, Hague WE, Butow PN, Simes RJ, Thomas D (2018) Cancer Molecular Screening and Therapeutics (MoST): a framework for multiple, parallel signal-seeking studies of targeted therapies for rare and neglected cancers. Med J Aust 209:354–355
Best M, Newson AJ, Meiser B, Juraskova I, Goldstein D, Tucker K, Ballinger ML, Hess D, Schlub TE, Biesecker B, Vines R, Vines K, Thomas D, Young M-A, Savard J, Jacobs C, Butow P (2018) The PiGeOn project: protocol for a longitudinal study examining psychosocial, behavioural and ethical issues and outcomes in cancer tumour genomic profiling. BMC Cancer 18:389
Fusch PI, Ness LR (2015) Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qual Report 20(9):1408
Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, Rashid S, Redwood S (2013) Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol 13:1–8
Berger R (2015) Now I see it, now I don’t: researcher’s position and reflexivity in qualitative research. Qual Res 15:219–234
Best MC, Bartley N, Jacobs C, Juraskova I, Goldstein D, Newson AJ, Savard J, Meiser B, Ballinger M, Napier C, Thomas D, Biesecker B, Butow P, Tucker K, Schlub T, Vines R, Vines K, Kirk J, Young M-A, Project MotP (2019) Patient perspectives on molecular tumor profiling: “Why wouldn’t you?” BMC Cancer 19:753
Roberts JS, Robinson JO, Diamond PM, Bharadwaj A, Christensen KD, Lee KB, Green RC, McGuire AL (2018) Patient understanding of, satisfaction with, and perceived utility of whole-genome sequencing: findings from the MedSeq Project. Genet Med 20:1069–1076
Williams JL, Rahm AK, Zallen DT, Stuckey H, Fultz K, Fan AL, Bonhag M, Feldman L, Segal MM, Williams MS (2018) Impact of a patient-facing enhanced genomic results report to improve understanding, engagement, and communication. J Genet Couns 27:358–369
Freedman AN, Klabunde CN, Wiant K, Enewold L, Gray SW, Filipski KK, Keating NL, Leonard DG, Lively T, McNeel TS (2018) Use of next-generation sequencing tests to guide cancer treatment: results from a nationally representative survey of oncologists in the United States JCO Precision. Oncology 2:1–13
Ha VTD, Frizzo-Barker J, Chow-White P (2018) Adopting clinical genomics: a systematic review of genomic literacy among physicians in cancer care. BMC Med Genomics 11:18
Paller CJ, Antonarakis ES, Beer TM, Borno HT, Carlo MI, George DJ, Graff JN, Gupta S, Heath EI, Higano CS (2019) Germline genetic testing in advanced prostate cancer; practices and barriers: survey results from the Germline Genetics Working Group of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium. Clin Genitourin Cancer 17:275–282 (e271)
Mandelker D, Zhang L, Kemel Y, Stadler ZK, Joseph V, Zehir A, Pradhan N, Arnold A, Walsh MF, Li Y, Balakrishnan AR, Syed A, Prasad M, Nafa K, Carlo MI, Cadoo KA, Sheehan M, Fleischut MH, Salo-Mullen E, Trottier M, Lipkin SM, Lincoln A, Mukherjee S, Ravichandran V, Cambria R, Galle J, Abida W, Arcila ME, Benayed R, Shah R, Yu K, Bajorin DF, Coleman JA, Leach SD, Lowery MA, Garcia-Aguilar J, Kantoff PW, Sawyers CL, Dickler MN, Saltz L, Motzer RJ, O’Reilly EM, Scher HI, Baselga J, Klimstra DS, Solit DB, Hyman DM, Berger MF, Ladanyi M, Robson ME, Offit K (2017) Mutation detection in patients with advanced cancer by universal sequencing of cancer-related genes in tumor and normal DNA vs guideline-based germline testing mutation detection in patients with advanced cancer mutation detection in patients with advanced cancer. JAMA 318:825–835
Malone ER, Oliva M, Sabatini PJ, Stockley TL, Siu LL (2020) Molecular profiling for precision cancer therapies. Genome Med 12:1–19
Tzieropoulos H, De Grave Peralta R, Bossaerts P, Gonzalez Andino SL (2011) The impact of disappointment in decision making: inter-individual differences and electrical neuroimaging. Front Hum Neurosci 4:235
Fujimori M, Shirai Y, Asai M, Kubota K, Katsumata N, Uchitomi Y (2014) Effect of communication skills training program for oncologists based on patient preferences for communication when receiving bad news: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 32(20):2166–2172
Acknowledgements
Members of the Psychosocial Issues in Genomic Oncology Study are named authors, plus Ainsley Newson, Ilona Juraskova, Bettina Meiser, Timothy Schlub, Chris Jacobs, Jacqueline Savard, Mary-Anne Young, Judy Kirk, Richard Vines and Kate Vines.
Funding
Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (Grant numbers 1124749, APP1121630 to PB, APP1104364 to DMT) and the Cancer Institute New South Wales (Grant numbers MB00352 to MCB, CDF171109 to MLB). The authors declare that no funds, grants or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Study conception and design were performed by Megan C Best, Mandy L Ballinger, David M Thomas, David Goldstein, Kathy Tucker, Barbara B Biesecker and Phyllis Butow. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Megan C Best, Nicci Bartley, Christine Napier, Alana Fisher, Mandy L Ballinger, David Goldstein, Kathy Tucker, Barbara B Biesecker and Phyllis Butow. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Megan C Best, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the St Vincent’s Hospital Human Research Ethics committee (Reference HREC/16/SVH/23).
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no relevant competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Best, M.C., Bartley, N., Napier, C.E. et al. Return of comprehensive tumour genomic profiling results to advanced cancer patients: a qualitative study. Support Care Cancer 30, 8201–8210 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07272-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07272-3