Abstract
Entomological collections represent a key source of information about the biological heritage of a country. However, the taxonomy and knowledge of many arthropods from megadiverse countries are underrepresented in these natural history collections as is the case with several planthoppers of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha. Issidae are fulgoromorphs distributed worldwide, except the poles and Greenland. Despite this ubiquity, Colombian planthoppers remain very poorly known and studied. Our objective was to provide the first consolidated records and distributional data for Colombian Issidae. We used reports of the representative genus Thionia deposited in biological collections in Colombia. In addition, we linked voucher specimen information and Olson’s life zones showing an inter-Andean valley and Eastern Andean Cordillera distribution within Colombia. Our survey of Colombian biological collections revealed 55 individuals of the genus Thionia Stål, 1859 (53 adults, 2 immatures [nymphs]), which were collected by different methods; however, many of those records may be opportunistic. This genus (and its species) needs further study, with systematic and ecological revision, as is the case with other terrestrial Colombian hemipterans. Our consolidated records represent an advance to the knowledge of Issidae (and Thionia specifically) for the Neotropics and Colombia in particular, and a baseline for further study of distributional and biogeographic patterns of the suborder Auchenorrhyncha.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
The natural history entomological collections represent a key and scientifically important sample of the world’s biological heritage and constitute the basis for fundamental and applied research (Suarez and Tsutsui 2004; Holovachov et al. 2014; National Academies of Sciences and Medicine 2020). To date, there are more than a million described insect species and more than half a billion preserved specimens, exceeding any other taxon (Short et al. 2018; Stork 2018). Some groups, such as hemipterans, lack detailed information and commonly are collected in biological expeditions but are not adequately characterized, classified, and preserved (Paradell and Defea 2017). They can be important specimens such as new species, extinct, endangered, cited, and/or historical material that should be identified and kept where they are safest or can most easily be studied (Llano et al. 2016). However, some taxonomic and societal preference biases are unavoidable (Troudet et al. 2017).
In megadiverse countries such as Colombia, the biological collections represent real bio- and databanks, natural heritage, and natural capital for current and further biodiversity studies (taxonomic, ecological, genetic, phylogenetic, and biogeographic), and are important elements for education, humankind’s knowledge, research, and conservation (Simmons and Muñoz-Saba 2005; Montaño Campaz et al. 2012; Ossa López et al. 2012; Trujillo-Trujillo et al. 2014; Arbeláez-Cortés et al. 2017). In Colombia, there are 286 biological collections registered in the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (http://rnc.humboldt.org.co/admin/index.php/registros/colecciones (19 July 2022)) with that number tending to increase (Arbeláez-Cortés et al. 2017). Despite their importance, several concerns and challenges persist related to curatorial work, financial support, and lack of experts (taxonomists, para-taxonomists) in various taxonomic groups, among other concerns (Martinez Revelo and Medina Uribe 2017). This situation is much more marked for less charismatic insect species such as planthoppers and other hemipterans (Llano et al. 2016; Paradell and Defea 2017), where there is a clear underestimation of diversity (Forero 2008; Forero et al. 2018).
Issidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) is the fifth largest family in the infraorder Fulgoromorpha (Bartlett et al. 2014, 2018; Wang et al. 2016; Gnezdilov 2018a), with at least 217 genera and 1089 species (Gnezdilov 2018b, c; Gnezdilov et al. 2020; Bourgoin 2022). Recent work on the phylogenetic systematics of Issidae (Wang et al. 2016; Gnezdilov et al. 2020, 2022; Yang et al. 2021) have been informative on the evolution of Issidae, but are not in concurrence. New World Issidae, represented by Thioniini (which includes most New World taxa), is usually placed near the base of the tree, with Picumna Stål, 1864, excluded because of long-branch artifacts and the New World endemic tribes Guianaphrynini and Cordelini (Gnezdilov 2018a, 2019) excluded because of the absence of molecular data.
Both nymphs and adult issids are often associated with forested strata and many species are reported to be monophagous, with 50% of nymph and 64% of adult plant records from a single plant species (Wheeler and Hoebeke 1982; Wheeler and Wilson 1987; Wilson et al. 1994). Other species are described as “insects of economic importance” such as Dentatissus damnosus (Chou and Lu, 1985) attacking fruit-trees in China (Yan et al. 2005), Agalmatium flavescens (Oliver, 1791) affecting olive trees in Turkey (Lodos and Kalkandelen 1981), Chimetopon camerunensis Schmidt, 1910 on Cacao in western Africa (Gnezdilov 2013), among others. Additionally, some species are invasive, such as Aplos simplex (Germar, 1830) (as Thionia) in Europe (Gnezdilov and Poggi 2014; Gnezdilov 2018b), Agalmatium bilobum (Fieber, 1877) in California, USA (Gnezdilov and O’Brien 2006; Bartlett et al. 2014), and Euroxenus vayssieresi (Bonfils, Attié and Reynaud, 2001) in Hawaii, USA, and Ghana (Gnezdilov 2022; Gnezdilov and Bartlett 2022).
The genus Thionia Stål, 1859, is the largest New World genus of Issidae, including ~ 63 extant species (Gnezdilov 2009, 2013, 2018b, 2020; Bartlett et al. 2014, 2018; Bourgoin 2022), despite the recent transfer of species into new or revised genus concepts (Gnezdilov and Bartlett 2018; Gnezdilov and Dmitriev 2018; Gnezdilov et al. 2022). Thionia is the type genus of the Thioniinae Melichar, 1906 (sensu Wang et al. 2016; Thioniini sensu Gnezdilov et al. 2022). Thionia is widely distributed in the New World including North (Canada, USA), Central, and South America (Bartlett 2020; Bourgoin 2022). The generic diagnosis for Thionia Stål was recently refined by Gnezdilov (2018a), following the designation of a neotype for the type species Issus longipennis Spinola 1839 by Gnezdilov and Dmitriev (2018). Among American genera of Issidae, Thionia is recognized by possessing posterior tibiae with 2 (or 3) lateral spines and cubital vein of forewing simple (Bartlett et al. 2014). The genus is further characterized by having an “almost square” vertex bearing median and sublateral carinae anteriorly joined near carinate fastigium (fastigium approximately transverse in dorsal view); vertex and frons in lateral view joined at obtuse angle. Forewings longer than wide, rounded apically, exceeding abdominal apex; hindwings well developed, 3-lobed (Gnezdilov 2018a). Thionia lacks the elongate, tapered, downward projecting gonoplacs of Cheiloceps Uhler, 1895, a genus that appears limited to the Caribbean (Gnezdilov 2018a; Gnezdilov and Poggi 2014), although the diagnostic features of the gonoplacs for Thionia have not been elucidated.
The family Issidae Spinola, 1839 in Colombia is poorly known, with just nine species—two Dracela Signoret, 1861 (D. annulipes Signoret, 1861, D. pehlkei Schmidt, 1923) and seven Thionia Stål, 1859 (T. colombiae Walker, 1851, T. dissimilis Schmidt, 1910, T. fusca Melichar, 1906, T. longipennis (Spinola, 1839), T. pehlkei Schmidt, 1910, T. prasina (Spinola, 1839) and T. proxima Melichar, 1906)—reported in Colombia (Melichar 1906; Schmidt 1910, 1923; Metcalf 1958; Gnezdilov and O’Brien 2008; Bartlett 2020; Bourgoin 2022). This appears to greatly underestimate the real biodiversity of the group in Colombia (e.g., compared to Panama with 17 reported Issidae; Bourgoin 2022). This is a general situation for other Auchenorrhyncha and terrestrial hemipterans in Colombia, probably due to limited survey effort, lack of modern taxonomic tools, and few specialists in hemipteran taxonomists in the country (Llano et al. 2016).
Therefore, it is our interest to promote initiatives in support of Neotropical insect taxonomy and the current status of the genus Thionia, vouchered into certified insect collection resources of Colombia, as a pioneer information source for further insect biosystematic data, training, and research. This study begins to address the paucity of available distributional and ecological data for the country. Our main objective was to analyze available distributional data and host plant associations related to the genus Thionia Stål, 1859 in Colombia based on specimens examined from certified national biological collections, and relate these data to the ecoregions presented by Olson et al. (2001).
Methods
Morphological nomenclature and taxonomy of the family follow Bartlett et al. (2014), Gnezdilov (2018a), and Gnezdilov and Dmitriev (2018). Specimens of Issidae were examined from the following Colombian collections:
-
CEBUC: Colección de Entomología del Programa de Biología, Universidad de Caldas (Manizales, Caldas).
-
EMPUJ-ENT: Colección de Entomología del Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (Bogotá, Cundinamarca).
-
IAvH: Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (Villa de Leyva, Boyacá).
-
ICN: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Cundinamarca).
-
MEFLG: Museo de Entomología Francisco Luis Gallego, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Medellín, Antioquia).
-
UNAB: Colección Entomológica Universidad Nacional Agronomía Bogotá, Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Bogotá, Cundinamarca).
-
UPTC: Colección Entomológica Museo de Historia Natural Luis Gonzalo Andrade, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (Tunja, Boyacá).
Geographic information was recorded from the specimens’ labels (see Appendix 1). Distributional records were analyzed by matching collection records to ecoregions after Olson et al. (2001) using the freeware DIVA-GIS 7.5. Specimens of Issidae were not identified past genus because there are no modern taxonomic tools for Issidae of Colombia and primary types of relevant species are primarily in Europe. Legacy tools such as Melichar (1906) and original descriptions may have yielded speculative identifications, but we deemed these untrustworthy given the potential for many undescribed species as reported by Barringer et al. (2019) for Ecuador.
Results
Our survey of Colombian natural history collections found 54 individuals of the genus Thionia Stål, 1859 (52 adults, 2 immatures [nymphs], Fig. 1). In all reviewed biological collections, the Thionia specimens represented less than 0.25% of the total arthropod voucher specimens (Fig. 2, Appendix 2). Metadata on collection methods found that collection by hand method was the most common (77% = 41 of records), malaise trap (19% = 10), sweep nets (2.8%), and pitfall trap (1.2%).
Distributional and altitudinal records
Altitudinal distributional records for Colombia range from 2 to 2550 m a.s.l. (Fig. 3). Our review revealed records associated with areas of biological importance or protected areas such as national natural parks, private ecological reserves, and/or botanical gardens (15 records; see Appendix 1). It also was apparent that Thionia was associated with forest fragments immersed in agroecosystems (8 records), which provide a refuge for these insects.
Distribution of Thionia in the Colombian Ecoregions
Mapping specimen distributional data (see Appendix 1) on ecoregional areas proposed by Olson et al. (2001), showed most specimen records were in the Magdalena Valley Montane Forest. Other records were associated with the Santa Marta Westland, Cordillera Oriental, Magdalena Valley Dry Forest, Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forest, Cauca Valley Montane Forest, Cauca Valley Dry Forest, Chocó-Darién Mountain Forest, Northwestern Montane Forest, Purus Varzeá, Napo Moist Forest, and Llanos (Fig. 4).
Discussion
Although reported collecting methods follow those expected (most hand collection), many records may be opportunistic. Colombian fulgoromorphs have been underrepresented in biological (terrestrial studies) or in studies on arthropods in general, as “occasional” finds and generally are scarce in collections (Osborn 1938), despite reports that Malaise and black-light traps can be useful tools for capturing Auchenorrhyncha from the canopy (Weber and Wilson 1981; Wilson 2005; Barringer and Bartlett 2018). Barringer et al. (2019) reported a large abundance and diversity of issids from forest canopy fogging samples in Ecuador, suggesting this to be an effective collecting method for issids.
Distributional and altitudinal records
Thionia is a genus of mostly Neotropical distribution (Wheeler and Wilson 1988; Gnezdilov 2018b), reported from México, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Guyana, French Guiana, Nicaragua, and Brazil (Bourgoin 2022), although some Thionia species extend into temperate North America (Bartlett et al. 2014). For Colombia, the genus is recorded for the first time at the departments of Boyacá, Magdalena, Meta, Chocó, Santander, Tolima, Bolívar, Caldas, and Antioquia. Early publications of Colombian records appear to mostly refer to the Cundinamarca department (see Fig. 2).
This distribution may be associated with the relationship between Issidae and their host plants due to the spatial distribution of plants jointly with their complexity and leaf architecture may limit the presence, richness, and abundance of Issidae and other planthoppers (Denno 1994; Wilson et al. 1994). In addition, it has been observed that fragmentation associated with the creation of agroecosystems changes the herbivorous community and multitrophic interactions with significant effects on the presence and distribution of selected taxa (Kareiva 1987; Gardarin et al. 2018).
Distribution of Thionia in the Colombian Ecoregions
The presence of Issidae in Colombia appears to be significantly correlated to climate (e.g., precipitation and temperature) and biological metrics (e.g., vegetation structure) (Holdridge 1967; De Laubenfels 1975; Schmidthüsen 1976; Walter and Box 1976; Olson et al. 2001; Bailey 2014). Likewise, ecoregions may represent areas of marked endemism and promote conservation plans at the species or community level (Noss 1994; Olson et al. 2001; Dinerstein et al. 2017). Additionally, the Magdalena Valley Montane Forest, Cordillera Oriental, Magdalena Valley Dry Forest, Magdalena-Urabá Moist Forest, Cauca Valley Dry Forest, Chocó-Darién Mountain Forest, Purus Varzeá, and Napo Moist Forest are transformed ecosystems (Etter et al. 2020) due to anthropogenic activities as deforestation, ampliation of the agriculture, and livestock frontier (Armenteras et al. 2003; González et al. 2011). The Santa Marta Westland is categorized as Vulnerable (VU), Northwestern Montane Forest (VU), Cauca Valley Montane Forest, and Colombian Llanos as of Least Concern (LC) (Etter et al. 2020).
National biological collection faunistic records can be associated with regions currently under heavy human pressure using the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems and future risks (Bland et al. 2019; Etter et al. 2020). Despite the opportunity, the genus-level determination of Thionia species may mask the vulnerability of these issids to land use and land cover changes. Moreover, the ecological importance of Auchenorrhyncha and other Colombian terrestrial and riparian hemipterans is practically unknown (Llano et al. 2016), and this makes it difficult to promote conservation programs and alternative tools to manage pests or exotic insects in agriculture areas.
An issue to consider in further analyses is that these records are associated with a higher concentration of researchers, experts, research centers, and universities mainly in the Andean region of Colombia (other issues highlighted by Arbeláez-Cortés 2013 and Arbeláez-Cortés et al. 2017), which may geographically bias these data and it should be interpreted accordingly. Likewise, despite insects being highly studied in Colombia (Arbeláez-Cortés 2013), their classification at the lowest practical taxonomical level is heterogeneous, with some taxa identified only to family or supra-family level, and others undetermined even to these levels. This is related to the lack of taxonomic experts, as is the case of Hemiptera. In addition, the highlighted biological collections represent those with higher housing history and much better systematics curatorial background, specifically related to the genus Thionia (Fig. 2).
Host plant associations
Plant associations previously reported for Thionia species include Thionia borinqueta Caldwell, 1951 on Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. (seagrape, Polygonaceae); Thionia bullata (Say) on three pine species (Pinaceae): Pinus taeda L (Loblolly pine), P. echinata Mill. (Shortleaf pine), and P. virginiana Mill. (Virginia pine); and Thionia elliptica (Germar, 1830) on Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. (bear oak) and Q. marilandica Münchh. (blackjack oak, Fagaceae) (Wheeler and Wilson 1987; Wilson et al. 1994; Palmer and Pullen 2001). Our review includes a plant association with Theobroma cacao L. (the cocoa tree, Malvaceae), a species of great commercial value in central-west Colombia (FEDECACAO 2019). Nonetheless, Issidae are seldom reported as pests and have not been demonstrated to be plant-pathogen vectors (Bartlett et al. 2018). In addition, found a “new” habitat association with a Thionia was reported from the mangrove forests of north-east Colombia (Atlántico department, Barú Island) where four mangrove species are present: Rhizophora mangle L., Avicennia germinans (L.) L., Laguncularia racemosa (L.) C.F. Gaertn., and Conocarpus erectus L. (Valle et al. 2011).
Implications for conservation
As highlighted by Gnezdilov and O’Brien (2008) and recently by Gnezdilov and Bartlett (2018) and Gnezdilov (2019), contributions to the study of Central and South American issids have been made by few authors from the 1900s. A further purpose of our work is to contribute to the knowledge of Neotropical fulgoromorphs so that revision or description of the Colombian species can occur within an established ecological framework. In this sense, our review represents an advance in the knowledge of Issidae (and Thionia specifically) in Colombia and a baseline for further study of distributional and biogeographic patterns. However, only data from the biological collection were considered and we highly recommend sampling-based fieldwork (including in Colombian ecoregions where Issidae are not yet detected) for advancing ecosystem patterns and plant associations. In addition, taxonomic and systematics studies are necessary for establishing the current or potential distributions at the species level. Despite considerable progress in taxonomic studies, no phylogenetic treatment of the group had been published until recently (Wang et al. 2016; Gnezdilov et al. 2020, 2022). While we provide plant associations for Thionia, further research is needed to confirm their true host plant affinities. Although host preference varies among planthopper families, some being inhabitants of grass, herbaceous, and small riparian plants, others can be expected to occur in the forest canopy. However, it is often poorly documented (Barringer et al. 2019). Even though taxonomic and systematics requirements about insects are recognized worldwide, these represent more requested issues in megadiverse countries; similarly, as occurs with many arthropods, planthoppers should include several undescribed species in the tropics (Barringer et al. 2019). It has been apparent that the rich Neotropical issid fauna is still in its initial stage of discovery (Gnezdilov et al. 2020). Additionally, knowledge of their current and future entomological biodiversity due to natural and anthropogenic impacts is still largely unknown.
References
Arbeláez-Cortés E (2013) Knowledge of Colombian biodiversity: published and indexed. Biodivers Conserv 22(12):2875–2906. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-013-0560-y
Arbeláez-Cortés E, Acosta-Galvis AR, DoNascimiento C, Espitia-Reina D, González-Alvarado A, Medina CA (2017) Knowledge linked to museum specimen vouchers: measuring scientific production from a major biological collection in Colombia. Scientometrics 112(3):1323–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2461-4
Armenteras D, Gast F, Villareal H (2003) Andean forest fragmentation and the representativeness of protected natural areas in the eastern Andes. Colombia Biol Conserv 113(2):245–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00359-2
Bailey JK (2014) Incorporating eco-evolutionary dynamics into global change research. Funct Ecol 28(1):3–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12235
Barringer LE, Bartlett CR (2018) Pennsylvania planthoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea): relative abundance and incidental catch using novel trapping methods. Insecta Mundi 0661:1–31. https://journals.flvc.org/mundi/article/view/0661/102362
Barringer LE, Bartlett CR, Erwin TL (2019) Canopy assemblages and species richness of planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Insecta Mundi 0726:1–16. https://journals.flvc.org/mundi/article/view/116710/114887
Bartlett CR, O’Brien LB, Wilson SW (2014) A review of the planthoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) of the United States. Mem Am Entomol Soc 50:1–287. https://g2g.to/ea5V
Bartlett CR, Deitz LL, Dmitriev DA, Sanborn AF, Soulier-Perkins A, Wallace MS (2018) The diversity of the true hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). In: Foottit RG and Adler PH (eds) Insect biodiversity: science and society, II. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, pp. 501–590. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118945582.ch19
Bartlett CR (2020) (and updates). Planthoppers of North America. University of Delaware. https://sites.udel.edu/planthoppers/. Accessed 11 October 2021
Bland LM, Nicholson E, Miller RM, Andrade A, Carré A, Etter A, Ferrer-Paris JR, Herrera B, Kontula T, Lindgaard A, Pliscoff P, Skowno A, Valderrábano M, Zager I, Keith DA (2019) Impacts of the IUCN red list of ecosystems on conservation policy and practice. Conserv Lett 12(5):e12666. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12666
Bourgoin T (2022) FLOW (Fulgoromorpha Lists on The Web): a world knowledge base dedicated to Fulgoromorpha. https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/. Accessed Version 8, updated [22 May 2022]
De Laubenfels DJ (1975) Mapping the world’s vegetation: regionalization of formations and flora. Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (NY)
Denno RF (1994) Influence of habitat structure on the abundance and diversity of planthoppers. In: Denno RF and Perfect TJ (eds) Planthoppers: their ecology and management. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp. 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2395-6_4
Dinerstein E, Olson D, Joshi A, Vynne C, Burgess ND, Wikramanayake E, Hahn N, Palminteri S, Hedao P, Noss R, Hansen M, Locke H, Ellis EC, Jones B, Barber CV, Hayes R, Kormos C, Martin V, Crist E, Sechrest W, Price L, Baillie JEM, Weeden D, Suckling K, Davis C, Sizer N, Moore R, Thau D, Birch T, Potapov P, Turubanova S, Tyukavina A, de Souza N, Pintea L, Brito JC, Llewellyn OA, Miller AG, Patzelt A, Ghazanfar SA, Timberlake J, Klöser H, Shennan-Farpón Y, Kindt R, Lillesø J-PB, van Breugel P, Graudal L, Voge M, Al-Shammari KF, Saleem M (2017) An ecoregion-based approach to protecting half the terrestrial realm. Bioscience 67(6):534–545. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014
Etter A, Andrade A, Saavedra K, Amaya P, Cortés J, Arévalo P (2020) Ecosistemas colombianos: Amenazas y riesgos. Una aplicación de la Lista Roja de Ecosistemas a los ecosistemas terrestres continentales. Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D. C.
FEDECACAO (2019) Federación Nacional de Cacaoteros. Fondo Nacional del Cacao- Colombia. Colombia Cacaotera 11(51):1–20. http://www.fepcacao.com.co/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/INFORME-DE-GESTION-ANUAL-VIGENCIA-2018-FEPCACAO.pdf
Forero D (2008) The systematics of the Hemiptera. Rev Colomb Entomol 34(1):1–21. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcen/v34n1/v34n1a01.pdf
Forero D, Rodríguez J, Ocampo V (2018) A new species of Carvalhomiris from Colombia with an assessment of its phylogenetic position (Heteroptera, Miridae, Orthotylinae). ZooKeys 796:197–214. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.796.22058
Gardarin A, Plantegenest M, Bischoff A, Valantin-Morison M (2018) Understanding plant–arthropod interactions in multitrophic communities to improve conservation biological control: useful traits and metrics. J Pest Sci 91(3):943–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-0958-0
Gnezdilov VM, O’Brien LB (2006) Hysteropterum severini Caldwell & DeLong, 1948, a synonym of Agalmatium bilobum (Fieber, 1877) (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Issidae). Pan-Pac Entomol 82(1):50–53. http://delphacid.s3.amazonaws.com/1800.pdf
Gnezdilov VM, O’Brien LB (2008) New taxa and combinations in Neotropical Issidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Insecta Mundi 0031:1–26. https://journals.flvc.org/mundi/article/view/0031/24454
Gnezdilov VM (2009) Revisionary notes on some tropical Issidae and Nogodinidae (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea). Acta Entomol Mus Natl Pragae 49(1):75–92. http://www.aemnp.eu/PDF/49_1/49_1_75.pdf
Gnezdilov VM (2013) Modern classification and distribution of the family Issidae Spinola (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea). Entomol Obozr 92(4):724–738. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873814050054
Gnezdilov VM, Poggi F (2014) First record of Nearctic issid planthopper Thionia simplex (Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea: Issidae) from Europe. Zoosyst Ross 23(2):238–241. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2014.23.2.238
Gnezdilov VM (2018a) A new genus representing a new tribe of the family Issidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) from the forest canopy of French Guiana. Zoosyst Ross 27(1):122–129. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2018.27.1.122
Gnezdilov VM (2018b) To the revision of the genus Thionia Stål (Hemiptera, Fulgoroidea, Issidae), with description of new genera and new subtribe. Zootaxa 4434(1):158–170. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4434.1.10
Gnezdilov VM (2018c) New genus for Thionia gibbicollis Dozier, 1931 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea: Nogodinidae) from Haiti. Proc Zool Inst RAS 322(4):457–462. https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2018.322.4.457
Gnezdilov VM, Bartlett CR (2018) A new genus and two new species of the family Issidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea) from Amazonian Ecuador. Proc Entomol Soc Wash 120(1):62–75. https://doi.org/10.4289/0013-8797.120.1.62
Gnezdilov VM, Dmitriev DA (2018) Proposed designation of a neotype for Issus longipennis Spinola, 1839, the type species of Thionia Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea: Issidae). Zoosyst Ross 27(1):137–141. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2018.27.1.137
Gnezdilov VM (2019) A new genus and a new species, representing a new tribe of the family Issidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea), from Costa Rica. Zoosyst Ross 28(1):108–115. https://doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2019.28.1.108
Gnezdilov VM (2020) Six new genera of the subtribe Thioniina (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Issidae) based on type material of L. Melichar and E. Schmidt in the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. Proc Zool Inst RAS 324(2):221–241. https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2020.324.2.221
Gnezdilov VM, Konstantinov FV, Bodrov SY (2020) New insights into the molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Issidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Fulgoroidea). Proc Zool Inst RAS 324(1):146–161. https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2020.324.1.146
Gnezdilov VM (2022) Euroxenus vayssieresi (Bonfils, Attie et Reynaud, 2001) (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha: Issidae) in Western Africa. Entomol Rev 102(2):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873822020087
Gnezdilov VM, Bartlett CR (2022) First record of the family Issidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea) from the Hawaiian Islands. Biodivers Data J 10:e80135. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.10.e80135
Gnezdilov VM, Konstantinov FV, Namyatova AA (2022) From modern to classic: classification of the planthopper family Issidae (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoroidea) derived from a total-evidence phylogeny. Syst Entomol 47(4):551–568. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12546
González JJ, Etter AA, Sarmiento AH, Orrego SA, Ramírez C, Cabrera E, Vargas D, Galindo G, García MC, Ordoñez MF (2011) Análisis de tendencias y patrones espaciales de deforestación en Colombia. Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales-IDEAM, Bogotá D. C., Colombia. http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/11769/44688974/Analisis+de+tendencias+y+patrones+espaciales+de+deforestacion+en+Colombia/06030c14-c433-485a-8541-8367e78038aa?version=1.0
Holdridge LR (1967) Life zone ecology. Tropical Science Center, San José (Costa Rica).
Holovachov O, Zatushevsky A, Shydlovsky I (2014) Whole-drawer imaging of entomological collections: benefits, limitations and alternative applications. Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 12(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.5334/jcms.1021218
Kareiva P (1987) Habitat fragmentation and the stability of predator–prey interactions. Nature 326(6111):388–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/326388a0
Llano CA, Bartlett CR, Guevara G (2016) First record of the subfamily Asiracinae and Copicerus irroratus (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Delphacidae) in Colombia. Fla Entomol 99(1):120–122. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.099.0123
Lodos N, Kalkandelen A (1981) Preliminary list of Auchenorrhyncha with notes on distribution and importance of species in Turkey. IV. Family Issidae Spinola. Turk Bitki Koruma Derg 5(1):5–21. http://asosindex.com.tr/TBTKK/entoted/64288.pdf
Martinez Revelo DE, Medina Uribe CA (2017) Diagnóstico de la colección de escarabajos coprófagos (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) del Museo Entomológico Francisco Luis Gallego, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Rev Fac Cienc 6(1):93–106. https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v6n1.62794
Melichar L (1906) Monographie der Issiden (Homoptera). Abh K K Zool-Bot Ges Wien 3(4):1–327
Metcalf ZP (1958) General Catalogue of the Homoptera. Fascicle IV, Fulgoroidea, Part 15, Issidae. Waverly Press, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/54648931#page/9/mode/1up
Montaño Campaz M, Meza Salazar AM, Gomes Dias L (2012) La colección entomológica CEBUC y su potencial como colección de referencia de insectos acuáticos. Bol Cient Mus Hist Nat 16(2):173–184. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/bccm/v16n2/v16n2a15.pdf
Academies N, of Sciences E, Medicine, (2020) Biological collections: ensuring critical research and education for the 21st century. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Noss RF (1994) Building a wilderness recovery network. George Wright Forum 11(4):17–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/43598878
Olson DM, Dinerstein E, Wikramanayake ED, Burgess ND, Powell GVN, Underwood EC, D’amico JA, Itoua I, Strand HE, Morrison JC, Loucks CJ, Allnutt TF, Ricketts TH, Kura Y, Lamoreux JF, Wettengel WW, Hedao P, Kassem KR (2001) Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: a new map of life on earth. Bioscience 51(11):933–938. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:Teotwa]2.0.Co;2
Osborn H (1938) The Fulgoridae of Ohio. Ohio Biol Surv Bull 35:283–357
Ossa López PA, Giraldo Montoya JM, López Gartner GA, Gomes Dias L, Rivera Paez FA (2012) Colecciones biológicas: una alternativa para los estudios de diversidad genética. Bol Cient Mus Hist Nat 16(1):143–155. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/bccm/v16n1/v16n1a12.pdf
Palmer WA, Pullen KR (2001) The phytophagous arthropods associated with Senna obtusifolia (Caesalpiniaceae) in Mexico and Honduras and their prospects for utilization for biological control. Biol Control 20(1):76–83. https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.2000.0879
Paradell S, Defea B (2017) Indicadores de biodiversidad en colecciones científicas: diagnosis de la colección Cicadellidae (Insecta: Hemiptera) del Museo de La Plata, Argentina. Caldasia 39(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v39n1.54618
Schmidt E (1910) Die Issinen des Stettiner Museums (Hemiptera-Homoptera). Sttet Ent Zeit 71:146–220. https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/Entomologische-Zeitung-Stettin_71_0146-0221.pdf
Schmidt E (1923) Neue Fulgoriden. Soc Ent 38(5):17–19. https://www.hemiptera-databases.org/flowpdf/1085.pdf
Schmidthüsen J (1976) Atlas zur biogeographie. Bibliographisches Institut, Mannheim (Germany).
Short AEZ, Dikow T, Moreau CS (2018) Entomological Collections in the Age of Big Data. Annu Rev Entomol 63(1):513–530. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035536
Simmons JE, Muñoz-Saba Y (2005) Cuidado, manejo y conservación de las colecciones biológicas. Univesidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá DC, Colombia
Stork NE (2018) How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on earth? Annu Rev Entomol 63(1):31–45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
Suarez AV, Tsutsui ND (2004) The value of museum collections for research and society. Bioscience 54(1):66–74. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0066:TVOMCF]2.0.CO;2
Troudet J, Grandcolas P, Blin A, Vignes-Lebbe R, Legendre F (2017) Taxonomic bias in biodiversity data and societal preferences. Sci Rep 7(1):9132. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-09084-6
Trujillo-Trujillo E, Vargas-Triviño PA, Salazar-Fajardo LV (2014) Clasificación, manejo y conservación de colecciones biológicas: una mirada a su importancia para la biodiversidad. Momentos de Ciencia 11(2):97–106. http://www.udla.edu.co/revistas/index.php/momentos-de-ciencia/article/view/486/478
Valle AG, Osorno-Arango AM, Gil-Agudelo DL (2011) Estructura y regeneración del bosque de manglar de la Ciénaga de Cholón, Isla Barú, Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo, Caribe Colombiano. Bol Invest Mar Cost 40(1):115–130. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/mar/v40n1/v40n1a07.pdf
Walter H, Box E (1976) Global classification of natural terrestrial ecosystems. Vegetatio 32(2):75–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02111901
Wang M, Zhang Y, Bourgoin T (2016) Planthopper family Issidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha): linking molecular phylogeny with classification. Mol Phylogenet Evol 105:224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.012
Weber BC, Wilson SW (1981) Seasonal and vertical distributions of planthoppers (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) within a black walnut plantation. Gt Lakes Entomol 14(2):71–75. https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol14/iss2/1
Wheeler AG, Hoebeke E (1982) Host plants and nymphal descriptions of AcanaIonia pumila and Cyarda sp. near acutissima (Homoptera, Fulgoroidea: Acanaloniidae and Flatidae). Fla Entomol 65(3):340–349. https://journals.flvc.org/flaent/article/view/57722/55401
Wheeler AG, Wilson SW (1987) Life history of the Issid planthopper Thionia elliptica (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) with description of a new Thionia species from Texas. J N Y Entomol Soc 95(3):440–451. www.jstor.org/stable/25009624
Wheeler AG, Wilson SW (1988) Notes on the biology and immatures of the Issid planthoppers Thionia bullata and T. simplex (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). J N Y Entomol Soc 96(3):266–273. www.jstor.org/stable/25009684
Wilson SW, Mitter C, Denno RF, Wilson MR (1994) Evolutionary patterns of host plant use by delphacid planthoppers and their relatives. In: Denno RF and Perfect TJ (eds) Planthoppers: their ecology and management. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp. 7–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2395-6_2
Wilson SW (2005) Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha). Fla Entomol 88(4):464–481. https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[464:KTTFOF]2.0.CO;2
Yan JH, Xia MH, Wang HQ (2005) Bionomics of Sivaloka damnosus. Chin Bull Entomol 42(6):708–710. https://eurekamag.com/research/004/402/004402785.php
Yang L-J, Chang Z-M, Yang L, Chen X-S (2021) A new species of the genus Euxaldar Fennah, 1978 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Issidae) from China and revision on the molecular phylogeny of the family. ZooKeys 1021:19–35. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1021.35510
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dr. Lucimar Gomes Dias for all your support at the Laboratorio de Colecciones Biológicas of the Universidad de Caldas (Manizales, Colombia) and Jhon Faver Marulanda in the Universidade Federal of Viçosa (Brasil) and Mateo Rivera in the Universidade Federal do Pará (Brazil) for your assistance with maps and GIS and graphic language. A special thanks to all curators and collections leaders (CEBUC, EMPUJ-ENT, IAvH, ICN, MEFLG, UNAB, UPTC) for permitting access to information that was the core of our review and improving our manuscript. We thank editors and reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that helped to improve the quality of our manuscript. Thanks to Universidad del Tolima as a participating institution of the Transformative Agreement between Springer Nature and Consorcio Colombia for cover the Open Access of our paper.
Funding
Open Access funding provided by Colombia Consortium
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. C. A. Ll-A visited the biological collections, compiled the datasets and information from previous studies, and analyzed the data. C. A. Ll-A, G. G., and C. R. B. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors edited and provided feedback on the manuscript, and read and approved the final version.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Edited by Élison F Bezerra Lima
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix 1
Examined material from Colombian departments and information extracted from the representative national collections (check collection abbreviation afore):
-
Antioquia: 2 ♀♀ Colombia. Antioquia, Sandoná/La Joya. 10-V-1970. Col: Caicedo, F.; Benavides, H. [MEFLG]; 1♀ Colombia. Antioquia, Puerto Araujo. 0-IX-1945. Col: Gallego, F. [MEFLG]; 1♂ Colombia. Antioquia, Venecia. 1-V-1947. Malaise trap. Upon vegetation. Col: Gallego, F. [MEFLG]; 1♀ Colombia. Antioquia, Bolívar. 1-VII-1942 on Theobroma cacao. Col: Gallego, F. [MEFLG]; 1♀ 1♂ Colombia. Antioquia, Titiribí. 1-VI-1972 upon vegetation. Col: Madrigal, A. [MEFLG]; 1♀ Colombia. Antioquia, Sopetrán. 1-IX-1951. Col: Gallego, F. [MEFLG]; 2 ♀♀ Colombia. Antioquia, Dabeiba. 0-I-1945. Col: Gallego, F. [MEFLG].
-
Bolívar: 1♀ Colombia. Bolívar, Cartagena, Isla Barú. 15-X-2006 on mangrove swamp forest. Altitude: 2 m. Col: Dias et al. [EMPUJ-ENT].
-
Boyacá: 1♀ Colombia. Boyacá, Moniquirá. 8-VI-2004. Col: Arias, S. [UPTC]; 1♀ Colombia. Boyacá, Paipa. 1-VII-1974. Col: Avellaneda, M. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Boyacá, Puerto Boyacá, Hacienda Aguaclara. 20-III-1970. Altitude: 600 m. Col: Arévalo, I. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Boyacá, Puerto Boyacá. 11-III-1997. Altitude: 320 m. Col: Amat, G. [ICN]; 2♀♀ Colombia. Boyacá, Santa María, Sector La Almenara. 18-XI-2015. Hand collection. Coordinates: 4.87486 N–73.25508 W. Altitude: 1123 m. Col: Perdomo, M.; Torres, M. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 2♂♂ Colombia. Boyacá, Santa María. Edge forest/Sendero Hyca Quye. 18-XI-2015. Hand collection. Coordinates: 4.89811 N–73.29344 W. Altitude: 900 m. Col: Morales, J.; Cruz, J; Piña, M. & Pérez, C. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Boyacá, Santa María. Trail La Almería. Edge forest/upon vegetation. 17-III-2016. Hand collection. Coordinates: 4.87486 N–73.25508 W. Altitude: 1123 m. Col: Erazo, P.; Lesmes, C.; López, L. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Boyacá, Garagoa, Reserva El Secreto. 24-X-2001. Hand collection. Altitude: 2250 m. Col: Palacios, E. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Boyacá, Garagoa, Reserva El Secreto. 24-X-2001. Pitfall trap. Altitude: 2300 m. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♂ Colombia. Boyacá, Moniquirá, Vereda San Cristóbal. Hacienda La Loma. 10-X-2009. Hand collection. Altitude: 1700 m. Col: Piza, J. [UNAB].
-
Caldas: 1♀ Colombia. Caldas. Villamaría, La Floresta. Agricultural matrix. On edge forest. Malaise trap. 28-VII-2015. Coordinates: 5°1′42.1″N–75°31′10.9″W. Altitude: 1814 m. Col: Llano, C. [CEBUC]; 2♀ Colombia. Caldas. Villamaría, La Floresta. Agricultural matrix. On edge forest. Malaise trap. 10-VI-2015. Coordinates: 5°1′42.1″N–75°31′10.9″W. Altitude: 1814 m. Col: Llano, C. [CEBUC]; 1♀ Colombia. Caldas. Villamaría, La Floresta. Agricultural matrix. On edge forest. Malaise trap. 18-XI-2015. Coordinates: 5°1′42.1″N–75°31′10.9″W. Altitude: 1814 m. Col: Llano, C. [CEBUC]; 1♂ Colombia. Caldas. Villamaría, La Floresta. Agricultural matrix. On edge forest. Malaise trap. 24-VI-2015. Coordinates: 5°1′42.1″N–75°31′10.9″W. Altitude: 1814 m. Col: Llano, C. [CEBUC].
-
Chocó: 1♀ Colombia. Chocó. 8-IV-1978. Col: Echeverri, H. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Chocó, Capurganá. Botanical garden. 23-IV-2007. Col: Chavez, P. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Chocó, Capurganá, Acandí. Forest. 8-X-2007. Hand collection. Altitude: 320 m. Col: Gonzales, D. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Chocó, Capurganá, Acandí. Forest. 8-X-2007. Hand collection. Altitude: 250 m. Col: García, S. [EMPUJ-ENT].
-
Cundinamarca: 1♀ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Guasca. 7-I-1941. Altitude: 2400 m. Col: Richter, L. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Anolaima. 18-VIII-1984. Col: Padilla, D. [ICN]; 1♀ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Chirajara. On the railway. 3-VI-1984. Col: García, M. [ICN]; 1♀ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Pacho, La Palma. 10-IX-1968. Col: Restrepo, M. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Cundinamarca, El Colegio. Premountain wet forest. 1-VI-1984. Altitude: 990 m. Col: García, M. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Bogotá D.C. 1-I-1942. Col: Richter, L [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Utica, La Palma. 27-X-1977. Col: Arévalo, L. [ICN]; 1♀ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Chicaque, Reserva Chicaque. Camping zone. 28-II-2014. Coordinates: 4.607950 N–74.30 W. Altitude: 2550 m. Col: Forero, D. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Cundinamarca, Chicaque, Reserva Chicaque. 12-IV-2013. Coordinates: 4.38673 N–74.18695 W. Altitude: 2540 m. Col: Figueroa, D. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀. Colombia. Cundinamarca, Chicaque, Reserva Chicaque. On oak. 12-IV-2013. Coordinates: 4°37′0.35″N–74°18′37″W. Altitude: 2550 m. Col: Duque, N. [EMPUJ-ENT]; 2 nymphs. Colombia. Cundinamarca, Chicaque, Reserva Chicaque. 12-IV-2013. Coordinates: 4°37′0.35″N–74°18′37″W. Altitude: 2550 m. Col: Duque, N. [EMPUJ-ENT].
-
Magdalena: 1♀ Colombia. Magdalena, Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Bella Vista. 15-V-2001. Malaise trap. Coordinates: 4.25472 N–73.39 W. Altitude: 1550 m. Col: Cantillo, J. [IAvH]; 1♂ Colombia. Magdalena, Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Bella Vista. 15-V-2001. Malaise trap. Coordinates: 4.25472 N–73.39 W. Altitude: 1550 m. Col: Cantillo, J. [IAvH]; 1♀ Colombia. Magdalena, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona. 17-IX-1997. Heavy Duty Sweep Nets. Col: Kugler, C. [IAvH].
-
Meta: 1♀ Colombia. Meta. Parque Nacional Natural Sierra de la Macarena, Caño Curia. 30-III-2003. Coordinates: 3.21 N–72.38 W. Malaise trap. Altitude: 150 m. Col: Villalba, W. [IAvH].
-
Putumayo: 1♀ Colombia. Putumayo, Villa Garzón. Farm El Escondite. 19-IX-2015. Hand collection. Coordinates: 0°47′43″N–76°36′8″W. Altitude: 317 m. Col: Ariza, T. [IAvH].
-
Santander: 1♀ Colombia. Santander, Puerto Parra, Campo Capote. 10-III-2008. Malaise trap. [ICN]; 1♀ Colombia. Santander, Charalá. 27-X-1978. Altitude: 1765 m. Col: Arévalo, L. [ICN].
-
Tolima: 1♂ Colombia. Tolima. El Silencio. 2-VII-1986. Col: Sarmiento, L. [ICN]; 1♂ Colombia. Tolima. Cambao, Cerros de Santo Tomás. 12-XI-2000. Altitude: 250 m [EMPUJ-ENT]; 1♀ Colombia. Tolima. Cunday, Vereda El Edén. 1-I-1999. Altitude: 2450 m. Col: Morales et al. [EMPUJ-ENT].
Appendix 2
Representativeness of the genus Thionia in arthropod’ voucher specimens from Colombian biological certified collections reviewed in the present study (source main: https://ipt.biodiversidad.co/sib/?request_locale=en (filtered by collection acronym))
Collection acronym | Total voucher specimen records | Total Thionia Stål, 1859 | Percentage in collection (%) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
CEBUC | 437,000 | 5 | 1.1441648 × 10−3 | |
EMPUJ-ENT | 7098 | 18 | 0.254 | |
IAvH | 116,170 | 4 | 3.44323 × 10−3 | http://i2d.humboldt.org.co/ceiba/resource.do?r=colecicon_entomologica |
ICN | 100,000 | 14 | 0.014 | |
MEFLG | 6989 | 10 | 0.143 | |
UNAB | 100,000 | 2 | 0.002 | |
UPTC | 3320 | 1 | 0.03 |
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Llano-Arias, C.A., Guevara, G. & Bartlett, C.R. The Genus Thionia Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Issidae) in Colombia: Highlighting the Value of Entomological Collections. Neotrop Entomol 52, 81–91 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-022-01002-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-022-01002-4