Abstract
Although mature podocytes lack tight junctions, tight junction integral membrane protein claudin-5 (CLDN5) is predominantly expressed on plasma membranes of podocytes under normal conditions. Using podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice, we identify CLDN5 as a crucial regulator of podocyte function and reveal that Cldn5 deletion exacerbates podocyte injury and proteinuria in a diabetic nephropathy mouse model. Mechanistically, CLDN5 deletion reduces ZO1 expression and induces nuclear translocation of ZONAB, followed by transcriptional downregulation of WNT inhibitory factor-1 (WIF1) expression, which leads to activation of WNT signaling pathway. Podocyte-derived WIF1 also plays paracrine roles in tubular epithelial cells, as evidenced by the finding that animals with podocyte-specific deletion of Cldn5 or Wif1 have worse kidney fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction than littermate controls. Systemic delivery of WIF1 suppresses the progression of diabetic nephropathy and ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. These findings establish a function for podocyte CLDN5 in restricting WNT signaling in kidney.
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Introduction
Podocyte injury is now appreciated to be at the crux of many forms of proteinuric kidney diseases1, and the identification of novel pathophysiological pathways and molecules in podocytes is essential for the prevention of glomerular disease progression and the discovery of new avenues for treatment. During development, tight junctions (TJs) connect immature podocytes at an early stage and disappear along with the widening of the intercellular spaces and the appearance of slit diaphragms (SDs)2,3. Although mature podocytes lack TJs and form SDs between opposing foot processes (FPs), several claudins (CLDNs), which are the TJ-specific integral membrane protein, such as CLDN3 in nephrin (NPHS1) knockout mice4 and CLDN1 in animals with diabetic nephropathy (DN)5, have been detected in podocytes of adult mouse kidneys. However, CLDN5 is the major CLDN expressed on the plasma membranes of mature podocytes under normal conditions6. Surprisingly, even 10 years after the discovery of CLDN5 in podocytes, little is known about the functional role of CLDN5 in glomerular physiology and disease development.
CLDN5 is unique among CLDN family members as its predominant expression in the endothelium and non-redundant function in the control of vascular permeability. CLDN5-deficient mice are born alive, but die within 10 h after birth without any morphological abnormalities7. In the current study, using podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice as a model, we report a previously unknown role for CLDN5 in the regulation of podocyte homeostasis. We reveal a mechanism whereby CLDN5 absence affected podocyte disease states through the transcriptional downregulation of WNT inhibitor factor-1 (WIF1) expression, which led to activation of the WNT signaling pathway. In contrast, knockout of Wif1 in podocytes resulted in the development of proteinuria and the typical ultrastructural changes observed in podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice. More importantly, targeted delivery of Wif1 to podocytes prevented the development of glomerular nephropathy in podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice with diabetes. In mice harboring podocyte-specific deletion of Wif1, diabetes-induced proteinuria and podocyte injury were substantially exacerbated. Because WIF1 is a secreted antagonist of the WNT pathway, we hypothesized that reduced secretion of WIF1 by podocytes would result in activation of WNT signaling in renal tubule epithelial cells and lead to increased maladaptive repair of the kidney following injury. To test this hypothesis, we subjected these mice to tubular injury by introducing unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). We found that the animals with podocyte deletion of Cldn5 or Wif1 gene had worse kidney fibrosis following UUO when compared with littermate controls with intact podocyte WIF1 expression. Systemic delivery of WIF1 could attenuate DN and UUO-induced renal fibrosis, introducing WIF1 as a therapeutic target for mitigating kidney injury. We also provide mechanistic insights into the regulation of Wif1 by CDLN5 by showing that CLDN5 affected the subcellular localization of the transcription factor ZO1 associated nucleic acid-binding protein (ZONAB), which directly regulated Wif1 expression through the interaction with its 3′-UTR.
Results
Generation and characterization of podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice
To bypass the postnatal lethality of constitutive deletion of CLDN5 and investigate the role of CLDN5 specifically in podocytes, we created Cldn5loxP mice, in which the exon 1 of the Cldn5 mutant allele is flanked by loxP sites, on the C57BL/6J background (Fig. 1a). Next, we generated mice with podocyte-specific deletion of Cldn5 by intercrossing Nphs2cre and Cldn5loxP/loxP animals (Fig. 1b). Because Cre is known to have nonspecific effects that could influence podocytes8, we studied 2 mouse lines: Nphs2-Cre+/−/Cldn5loxP/+ mice and Nphs2-Cre+/−/Cldn5loxP/loxP mice, hereafter referred to as Cldn5ctrl mice and Cldn5podKO mice, respectively. Successful deletion of Cldn5 in Cldn5podKO mice was confirmed by performing relative quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using isolated glomerulus (Fig. 1c). Likewise, western blotting analyses of CLDN5 expression showed a significant decrease in CLDN5 expression (~77%) in glomerulus from Cldn5podKO mice (Fig. 1d, e), suggesting that CLDN5 expression in podocytes accounts for the majority of CLDN5 in normal glomerulus. CLDN5 co-localized with the podocyte-specific marker podocin (NPHS2) in Cldn5ctrl mice, consistent with a podocyte source (Fig. 1f). Immunofluorescence staining, as indicated by the lack of CLDN5 colocalization with NPHS2 in Cldn5podKO kidneys but appropriate signal in the endothelial cells of arteriole, confirmed that the Nphs2-Cre–mediated Cldn5 deletion was largely confined to podocytes (Fig. 1f). The knockout mice did not show compensated or increased expression of other TJ proteins CLDN1, CLDN3, and CLDN6 in podocytes (Supplementary Fig. 1).
We next investigated whether reduced CLDN5 expression alone could cause proteinuria directly using our engineered mice with podocyte-specific deletion of Cldn5. Cldn5podKO mice showed no albuminuria in early stages, but albuminuria began to occur at around 12 weeks and continued to rise through the end of the study at 48 weeks (Fig. 1g). There was no significant difference in body weight, urine volume, or urinary osmolality throughout the observation period from 3 to 48 weeks (Supplementary Table 1). Blood cystatin C levels were within the normal ranges in both the groups (Fig. 1h). To investigate whether the appeared albuminuria was due to damage to the glomerular filtration barrier, we examined the ultrastructure of Cldn5podKO and Cldn5ctrl mouse kidneys by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM revealed global thickening of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in Cldn5podKO mice (Fig. 1i). GBM abnormalities were obvious at 8 weeks of age and gradually aggravated by 24 weeks (Fig. 1j). In addition, podocyte FPs appeared abnormal with broadening and effacement, which were notable in areas of severe GBM thickening (Fig. 1k). Control littermates developed mild GBM and FP changes after 24 weeks of age (Fig. 1i). Histological staining with Periodic Acid-Schiff staining (PAS) identified that Cldn5podKO mice showed mesangial expansion and glomerular matrix accumulation at 24 weeks of age compared with their littermate control mice (Fig. 1l). qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining revealed that the expression of podocalyxin (PODXL) was reduced in Cldn5podKO mice, which further confirmed the presence of podocyte damage (Supplementary Fig. 2). In summary, mice with podocyte-specific CLDN5 deficiency showed early GBM alterations followed by the development of albuminuria.
Cldn5 deletion in podocytes accelerates DN progression
To determine whether CLDN5 has a role in diabetic kidney disease, we first studied the expression of CLDN5 in two mouse models of DN, the unilateral nephrectomy (UNX) combined with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type I diabetic mice and DB/DB type 2 diabetic mice, by double immunostaining for CLDN5 and NPHS2. In both strains, we found that the expression of CLDN5 was decreased, which was accompanied by an attenuation in NPHS1, ZO1, and NPHS2 expression (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 3a, b). To determine whether CLDN5 expression is also altered in human glomerular diseases, we queried the published transcriptomic datasets in kidney disease compiled in the Nephroseq database (nephroseq.org). CLDN5 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the glomerulus of DN patients compared with those of healthy controls (Supplementary Fig. 3c). Then, to further investigate the effects of CLDN5 on DN development, STZ-induced DN mice with or without CLDN5 knockout were used. Cldn5podKO mice did not differ in fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c levels, food intake, urine output, or body weight compared to littermate mice in STZ-induced diabetic conditions (Supplementary Table 2). The diabetic Cldn5podKO mice showed an increase in albuminuria as early 4 weeks after STZ injection, remaining elevated up to 12 weeks and reaching a difference of more than 4-fold compared with diabetic control mice of the same age (Fig. 2c). Twelve weeks after diabetes induction, glomerulosclerosis and the mesangial area were significantly increased in diabetic Cldn5podKO mice when compared to their controls (Fig. 2d–f). TEM analysis demonstrated that GBM thickening and FP effacement were induced, and these effects were significantly aggravated in Cldn5podKO mice post to STZ treatment (Fig. 2g–i), which is consistent with the facts that these mice had more severe albuminuria. Podocyte injury was confirmed by increased expression of the podocyte injury indicator desmin (Fig. 2j) and reduced expression of the key podocyte markers, NPHS1, NPHS2, and PODXL (Supplementary Fig. 3d–i) in the diabetic Cldn5podKO mice, as compared with the diabetic Cldn5ctrl group. Masson Trichrome staining (MTS) also showed a significant increase in interstitial fibrosis in the diabetic Cldn5podKO mice (Fig. 2k). These results indicate that Cldn5podKO mice are more susceptible to diabetic injury.
Decreased Wif1 expression is observed in the glomerulus of podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice
To obtain insights into what might explain the phenotype of Cldn5 deletion in podocytes, we performed RNA-seq of glomerular lysates from Cldn5ctrl and Cldn5podKO mice. This unbiased analysis identified 280 downregulated genes and 102 upregulated genes (Fig. 3a). We found that, among the significantly altered genes by CLDN5 deletion, change of Wif1 reached remarkably high level (Fig. 3a). The data were validated by qRT-PCR (Fig. 3b) and immunofluorescence (Fig. 3c) analysis of kidney samples. Comparable results were obtained by qRT-PCR (Fig. 3d) and western blotting analysis (Fig. 3e, f) of glomerulus isolated from mutant and control littermates. WIF1 is a secreted WNT inhibitor, that exerts its inhibitory effect on WNT signaling by binding and inhibiting the activity of extracellular WNT ligands. This finding prompted us to speculate that CLDN5 depletion may lead to downregulation of WIF1 expression, thereby activating WNT signaling. We found that WNT/β-catenin signaling was hyperactivated in Cldn5podKO podocytes based upon upregulated active nuclear CTNNB1 expression in Cldn5podKO podocytes compared to Cldn5ctrl podocytes (Fig. 3g). Notably, we found the same expression fingerprint of CTNNB1 target genes, including increased expression in CCND1 (Fig. 3e, h, j, l) and CD44 (Fig. 3e, i, k, m) determined via qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. Previous studies in animals and humans have shown that CD44 is not expressed in healthy kidney, and activated parietal epithelial cells, but not podocytes, upregulate their de novo expression of CD44 during glomerular diseases9,10. In our study, although several CD44 isoforms were detected, the mRNA levels of CD44v3 and CD44v5 appeared to be considerably higher in glomerulus from knockout mice than in those from control littermates (Fig. 3n). Collectively, these results indicate that the WNT signaling pathway is activated by WIF1 inhibition in mutant podocytes, resulting in subsequent podocyte injury. These results identify CLDN5 as a previously undescribed regulator of WNT/β-catenin signaling activity in podocytes.
Wif1 ablation mimics the phenotypes observed in Cldn5-deficient podocytes
To mimic the downregulation of Wif1 expression observed in Cldn5podKO mice, we next constructed conditional knockout mice with podocyte-specific ablation of Wif1 by using the Cre-LoxP system. We generated Wif1loxP mice, in which the Wif1 mutated allele contains exon 3 is flanked by loxP sites, on the C57BL/6J background (Supplementary Fig. 4a). Next, we generated mice with podocyte-specific deletion of Wif1 by intercrossing Nphs2cre and Wif1loxP/loxP animals (Supplementary Fig. 4b). No residual Wif1 transcript or protein was detectable as determined by qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, or immunofluorescence in glomerular lysates or kidney sections in Nphs2-Cre+/−/Wif1loxP/loxP (referred to as Wif1podKO) mice (Fig. 4a–d), indicating that WIF1 was expressed predominantly in podocytes in the kidney. Our data are in agreement with single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets of the mouse kidney, which indicated that Wif1 was expressed exclusively in podocytes (Supplementary Fig. 4c, d)11,12. To determine whether deletion of Wif1 in podocytes leads to activation of canonical WNT signaling, we studied the expression of several putative WNT/β-catenin target genes in the glomerulus. We found that CCND1 and CD44 expression was upregulated in the Wif1podKO mouse glomerulus (Supplementary Fig. 4e–g). Wif1podKO mice had normal renal histology at 16 weeks of age, but TEM revealed a thicker GBM that remained completely covered by FPs of podocytes, however, in areas with GBM thickenings, FP effacement was observed (Fig. 4e–g). Although genetic deletion of Wif1 resulted in a similar glomerular phenotype, the phenotypes observed in these mouse models were less severe than those in the Cldn5podKO mice. Consistent with this, podocyte-specific Wif1 mutant mice developed mild albuminuria at 16 weeks of age, showing an albumin level that was 1.7-fold higher than that in control mice (Fig. 4h). The finding that Wif1podKO mice did not completely phenocopy Cldn5podKO mice led us to conclude that additional pathways maybe involved in kidney pathogenesis associated with Cldn5 deletion.
AAV9-mediated WIF1 overexpression in podocytes ameliorates the progression of DN in podocyte-specific Cldn5 KO mice
To further investigate the relevance of WIF1 to the glomerular phenotype of Cldn5podKO mice, we assessed whether podocyte-specific WIF1 overexpression could rescue the phenotype of Cldn5podKO mice. To overexpress WIF1 in podocytes, we used an AAV9 system with kidney in situ injection13. Podocyte-specific WIF1 delivery rescued the glomerular injury phenotype of diabetic Cldn5podKO mice, markedly decreasing urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (Fig. 4i), reducing the glomerulosclerotic index (GSI) (Fig. 4j), and decreasing mesangial area expansion (Fig. 4k), as evidenced by PAS staining (Fig. 4l). We also observed significantly less podocyte loss in WIF1-treated group than in the mutant mice treated with control AAV (podocyte number/glomerulus: AAV-WIF1 versus AAV-CTL: 11.583 ± 0.045 versus 10.167 ± 0.035, P < 0.05, n = 10 mice/group) (Fig. 4i). Taken together, these results show striking normalization of podocytes in diabetic Cldn5podKO mouse model upon WIF1 administration, suggesting new avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies to ameliorate podocytopathy in DN.
WIF1 deficiency in podocytes exacerbates renal injury in diabetic mice
To investigate the possible role of WIF1 in the diabetic kidney, we assessed WIF1 expression in mouse models of STZ-induced type I diabetic mice and DB/DB type 2 diabetic mice. In comparison to control mouse glomerulus, WIF1 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in DN mice (Fig. 5a, b). WIF1 staining intensity was significantly higher in control mice, while dramatic loss of WIF1 staining was observed in DN mice (Fig. 5c). To assess the potential role of WIF1 in the development of DN, we induced diabetes by UNX combined with repeated STZ injections. Blood glucose levels, HbA1c levels, food intake, urine output, and body weight were not different between Wif1ctrl and Wif1podKO mice at baseline or 12 weeks after the induction of diabetes (Supplementary Table 2). Electron microscopy analysis revealed that Wif1podKO mice experienced more severe podocyte injury, as evidenced by GBM thickening and podocyte FP broadening and effacement in the context of DN (Fig. 5d–f). Histological analysis showed greater mesangial expansion and a higher GSI in diabetic Wif1podKO mice than in diabetic Wif1ctrl mice (Fig. 5g–i). Consistent with the above observations, the level of albumin excretion by diabetic Wif1podKO mice was significantly higher than that by Wif1ctrl mice, suggesting that deletion of WIF1 exacerbated renal damage in diabetic mice (Fig. 5j). Significant downregulation of the expression of podocyte-associated molecules, including NPHS1 (Fig. 5k, n), NPHS2 (Fig. 5l, o), and PODXL (Fig. 5m, p) at both mRNA and protein levels was also observed in glomerulus of Wif1podKO diabetic mice. Increased expression of desmin was also observed in diabetic Wif1podKO mice compared with diabetic Wif1ctrl mice (Fig. 5q). Together, these results suggest that the absence of WIF1 in podocytes aggravates proteinuria and podocyte damage in DN mice.
Podocyte-specific loss of CLDN5 or WIF1 exacerbates interstitial fibrosis in a UUO mouse model
Our data indicated that the phenotypic changes in Cldn5podKO podocytes aggravated interstitial fibrosis in a DN mouse model (Fig. 2k). Because WIF1 is predominantly expressed in podocytes, it could play a paracrine role on tubular epithelial cells through constant secretion into the preurine as a carrier. As WNT is an essential modulator of fibrosis development, we speculated that local production of WIF1 by podocytes might affect WNT pathway tone in proximal tubules and participate in the progression of fibrosis following acute kidney injury. In spite of the fact that genetic deletion is limited to podocytes, both Wif1podKO and Cldn5podKO kidneys showed increased fibrosis compared with their littermate controls 14 days after UUO induction according to various measures. The kidneys of knockout mice showed more severe renal interstitial fibrosis after UUO compared with that in controls, as shown by MTS (Supplementary Fig. 5a), Sirius Red staining (Supplementary Fig. 5b), and HE staining (Supplementary Fig. 5c). The size of interstitial fibrosis area was significantly increased in the knockout groups (Fig. 6a, b). Consistently, the mRNA levels of genes related to interstitial fibrosis and kidney injury (α-SMA, fibronectin (Fn), connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf), and Kim1) were markedly enhanced in knockout obstructed kidneys (Fig. 6c and d, Supplementary Fig. 5d, e). The protein levels of total α-SMA, COL1A1, FN, and KIM-1 were also increased, as determined by western blotting (Fig. 6e–h, Supplementary Fig. 5f, g) and immunofluorescence (Fig. 6I, j, Supplementary Fig. 5h, i). These results strongly suggest that disruption of WIF1 expression promotes UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Moreover, these effects were accompanied by upregulated WNT downstream genes expression including CCND1 and CD44. The levels of CCND1 and CD44 in the kidney were significantly increased in Cldn5podKO mice with UUO, as determined by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence (Supplementary Fig. 6a, c, e, g). Similar effects were also observed in Wif1podKO mice (Supplementary Fig. 6b, d, f, h).
To directly demonstrate that podocytes secrete factors capable of silencing WNT signaling in proximal tubular cells, we assessed the levels of WNT target genes in cultured TKPTS cells exposed to podocyte culture medium (Supplementary Fig. 6i). We found that exposure of TKPTS to culture medium from Cldn5podKO podocytes resulted in the increased expression of WNT target genes including Mmp7, Tcf7, Cd44, Lef1, and Ccnd1 in TKPTS (Supplementary Fig. 6j), compared with the culture medium from Cldn5ctrl podocytes which had a higher concentration of WIF1 (Supplementary Fig. 6k). These data suggest that inadequate WIF1 secreted by podocytes in the Cldn5 and Wif1 knockout mice permits exaggerated kidney damage and fibrosis during UUO via WNT-dependent actions in tubular epithelial cells.
Systemic delivery of WIF1 attenuates DN and UUO-induced renal fibrosis
Does exogenous WIF1 hold promise as a therapeutic agent for injured kidney? We tested the therapeutic potential of systemic delivery of WIF1 in type 1 diabetic mice. Treatment of diabetic mice with AAV-WIF1 significantly attenuated albuminuria by 12 weeks (Fig. 7a). Although there was some variation from mouse to mouse in these functional studies, the results of three independent experiments suggested that systemic delivery of WIF1 alleviated albuminuria in diabetic mice. The degree of glomerulosclerosis was also less severe in the WIF1 treatment group compared with control group (Fig. 7b).qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence showed that the levels of key podocyte molecules, including WT1 (Fig. 7c), NPHS1 (Fig. 7d, g), NPHS2 (Fig. 7e, h), and PODXL (Fig. 7f, i), were significantly increased in diabetic mice injected with AAV-WIF1 compared with those injected with AAV-CTL. Taken together, these results demonstrate that WIF1 can significantly attenuate the increases in parameters of glomerular injury in diabetic mice in vivo.
Next, we tested whether circulating WIF1 can also protect mice against the development of fibrosis in UUO model mice. WIF1 was delivered after disease onset (4 days after UUO induction), and fibrosis extent was assessed 14 days after UUO induction. qRT-PCR showed that the mRNA levels of α-SMA (Fig. 7j), Col1a1 (Fig. 7k), and Fn (Fig. 7l) were significantly decreased in UUO mice injected with AAV-WIF1 compared with those injected with AAV-CTL. Similar to the results obtained by western blotting, which indicated that the protein levels of α-SMA (Fig. 7m, n), COL1A1 (Fig. 7m, o), and FN (Fig. 7m, p) were reduced, immunofluorescence staining revealed that the sizes of the areas positive for α-SMA (Fig. 7q), COL1A1 (Fig. 7r), and FN (Fig. 7s) were decreased in AAV-WIF1 treated mice compared to AAV-CTL treated mice. The fibrosis score was also significantly reduced upon WIF1 application (Fig. 7t). Collectively, these findings indicate that WIF1 treatment can markedly ameliorate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in UUO model mice.
CLDN5 interacts with ZO1 and ZONAB in podocytes
On the basis of the information currently available, ZO1 forms scaffolds to anchor TJ membrane proteins, and it also plays very important role in controlling gene expression via binding to and tuning the activity of the transcription factor ZONAB14,15. To directly evaluate the interaction between CLDN5 and the ZO1/ZONAB complex, we performed co-immunoprecipitation (CoIP) in sparsely plated HEK293 cells transfected with four genes simultaneously. In HEK293 cells multiply transfected with CLDN5, ZO1, ZONAB variant 1, and ZONAB variant 2, an anti-CLDN5 antibody precipitated ZO1 and ZONAB; reciprocally, an anti-ZO1 antibody coimmunoprecipitated CLDN5 and ZONAB, and a ZONAB antibody coimmunoprecipitated ZO1 and CLDN5 (Fig. 8a). To test whether CLDN5 and ZO1/ZONAB are associated with native tissue, glomerular extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-ZO1, anti-CLDN5, and anti-ZONAB antibodies, and immunoprecipitation of the three proteins was monitored by immunoblotting. We confirmed the endogenous interaction between CLDN5, ZO1, and ZONAB in glomerular extracts (Fig. 8b). Protein–protein interactions are also reflected by co-localization of two or more proteins in the same subcellular location when resolved at sufficient resolution. Under fluorescence microscopy, we observed that CLDN5, ZO1, and ZONAB were localized to plasma membrane in cultured WT primary podocytes (Fig. 8c). In addition to its membrane localization, ZONAB was also constitutively found in the cytoplasm and nucleus (Fig. 8c). Together, these data reflect the existence of a complex containing CLDN5, ZO1, and ZONAB in podocytes.
Podocyte-specific CLDN5 deficiency increases ZONAB nuclear localization
We next asked whether Cldn5 knockout deregulates ZO1/ZONAB signaling in podocytes. A marked reduction and more fragmented of ZO1 expression were observed in the Cldn5 KO mice compared with their wild-type littermates (Fig. 8d). qRT-PCR showed that the mRNA level of ZO1 was not significantly changed after Cldn5 deletion (Supplementary Fig. 7a), suggesting that the downregulation of ZO1 expression occurred at the protein level, possibly due to higher levels of degradation. Confocal imaging showed membrane, cytoplasmic and weak nuclear ZONAB labeling in Cldn5ctrl mouse glomerulus and distinct colocalization of ZONAB with WT1 in Cldn5podKO mice (Fig. 8e), which indicated that CLDN5 deletion in podocytes increased ZONAB nuclear localization. Subcellular fractionation of the isolated glomerulus, followed by western blotting analysis, indicated that CLDN5 deletion and ZO1 reduction in podocytes promoted ZONAB to undergo nuclear translocation (Fig. 8f). We then determined whether the effects of CLDN5 deletion on Wif1 expression could be rescued by re-introduction of ZO1. Co-transfection of CLDN5-deficient primary podocytes with Zo1 and Cldn5, but not transfection with Zo1 alone, increased Wif1 expression (Fig. 8g), indicating that CLDN5 and ZO1 functionally interact to regulate Wif1. Taken together, our data so far indicate that CLDN5 forms a complex with ZO1 and ZONAB in normal podocytes under physiological conditions, and this complex is required to sustain ZONAB’s subcellular localization and adequate levels of WIF1 to maintain normal WNT signaling activity.
ZONAB regulates Wif1 expression through the 3′-UTR of Wif1
We next analyzed the molecular mechanism by which ZONAB reduces the expression of Wif1 mRNA. To evaluate whether ZONAB plays a transcriptional role on Wif1 promoter, we performed reporter gene assays by transiently transfecting primary podocytes and MDCK cells with a plasmid construct containing the firefly luciferase gene driven by the Wif1 promoter fragments together with Zonab or its vector control. This analysis showed little to no effect on Wif1 mRNA (Supplementary Fig. 7b, c), suggesting that the regulatory effect of ZONAB on Wif1 mRNA expression is not mediated by the 5′-promoter of Wif1. Next, to understand whether ZONAB targets the Wif1 3′-UTR, we generated the reporter constructs containing the entire mouse Wif1 3′-UTR sequence cloned downstream of the Renilla luciferase gene. The reporter was transfected with Zonab into primary podocytes and MDCK cells. Luciferase activities were decreased in both cell types following co-transfection with a ZONAB expression vector (Fig. 8h, i), indicating that ZONAB acts as a repressor of Wif1 expression via targeting the 3′-UTR of Wif1. To verify that ZONAB is capable of inhibiting endogenous WIF1 in native podocytes, we knocked down Zonab with a specific siRNA and analyzed the expression level of Wif1 via qRT-PCR. Following knockdown of Zonab mRNA, qRT-PCR revealed significantly elevated levels of Wif1 transcript in Cldn5podKO podocytes compared to cells treated with control siRNA (Fig. 8j). Taken as a whole, our results establish that transcriptional regulation of WIF1 by ZONAB at least in part is brought about via repression of the Wif1 3′-UTR.
Next, we examined whether ZONAB directly interacted with Wif1 mRNA in glomerulus. RIP analysis using an anti-ZONAB antibody followed by measurement of Wif1 mRNA levels by qRT-PCR analysis in the immunoprecipitate material revealed that Wif1 mRNA associated with ZONAB, as Wif1 mRNA was highly enriched in the ZONAB immunoprecipitate relative to the IgG immunoprecipitate (Fig. 8k, l). Next, we examined the effects of ZONAB on the stability of endogenous Wif1 mRNA. Here, we treated WT and Cldn5 KO primary podocytes with the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D and measured the half-lives of Wif1 transcripts using qRT-PCR analysis. We found that Cldn5 deficiency in podocytes, which increased the nuclear localization of ZONAB, decreased Wif1 mRNA levels by enhancing its degradation, since Cldn5 KO caused a faster decline in Wif1 mRNA levels (Fig. 8m), this was indicated by the fact that Wif1 mRNA was less stable when CLDN5 levels were diminished. Thus, we conclude that ZONAB can bind to and destabilize endogenous Wif1 mRNA transcripts in podocytes. ZONAB preferentially binds an RNA Y-box protein recognition sequence (YRS) ([UAC][CA]CA[UC]C[ACU]) in vitro16. Sequence analysis revealed that mouse Wif1 transcript has two such potential binding sites in its 3′-UTR (Supplementary Fig. 7d). However, deletion of either one or both of the predicted binding sites in Wif1 3′-UTR could not abolish the effect of ZONAB (Supplementary Fig. 7e).
Discussion
First, we showed that mice with podocyte-specific deletion of Cldn5 manifested albuminuria but not glomerulosclerosis, as least within our observation period. When we looked at kidney under the electron microscope, TEM revealed the presence of thickening of the GBM and mild FP effacement. Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in CLDN5 expression in two DN mouse models. It has been shown that the TJs scaffold protein ZO1 is likewise reduced under the same conditions17, further study is required to determine whether reduced expression of ZO1 is a consequence of diminished podocyte CLDN5 in these diseases, or vice versa. Crucially, in two DN models, animals with a podocyte-specific deletion of CLDN5 exhibited a more severe nephropathy, including more proteinuria, and evidence of more marked podocyte injury, but interestingly also more severe interstitial fibrosis. These results indicate that CLDN5 is a critical injury response gene in podocytes with a strong linkage to kidney injury.
In an attempt to determine the underlying mechanism, we found that Cldn5 deletion in podocytes repressed expression of Wif1. WIF1 is a secreted protein that functions as a paracrine inhibitor of the WNT signaling pathway by binding, and inhibiting the activity of extracellular WNT ligands18. Aberrant activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of kidney diseases19,20. The results of the present study show that the deletion of CLDN5 leads to activated WNT/β-catenin signaling in podocytes via downregulation of Wif1 expression, resulting in a similar base-line phenotype to the podocyte-specific stabilized Ctnnb1 expression mice, a mouse model with increased expression of Ctnnb1 via being rendered into a stabilized and dominant active form by deleting the phosphorylation site21. More importantly, targeted delivery of Wif1 obviated the development of DN in Cldn5 knockout mice. Ultrastructural examination of podocyte-specific conditional Wif1-knockout kidneys showed irregular thickening of the GBM with occasional regions of FP effacement, mimicking the phenotypes of Cldn5-deficient podocytes. Therefore, our results establish that CLDN5 is a previously undescribed regulator of WNT/β-catenin signaling activity in podocytes.
We demonstrate that WIF1 is expressed specifically in glomerular podocytes, and that its expression is decreased in diabetic glomerular disease models. Strikingly, our observations also uncover an important role for Wif1 deficiency in promoting podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis during DN, and show that systemic administration of Wif1 slightly reduced podocyte injury in a DN model. A recent study identified a loss-of-function mutation in Wif1 as a potential novel cause of a Nail-Patella-like disorder22. Nail-patella syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder that is primarily characterized by dysplastic nails and missing or hypoplastic patellae23. One-third to one-half of the patients also suffer from renal issues24. The main pathology involves ultrastructural abnormalities in the GBM24, that are similar to the ultrastructural changes seen in the kidney of podocyte-specific Wif1 KO mice. Therefore, studies using Wif1 mutant mice provide valuable information for better understanding the glomerular phenotypes seen in kidneys of NPS patients.
In addition, we identified WIF1 as a factor secreted by podocytes that may also contribute to tubular dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. The progression of primary glomerular disease to induce tubulointerstitial lesions is well established, the mechanisms by which glomerular injury extends to proximal tubules are still under investigation. Here we found that blockade of WIF1 secretion by genetic deletion of Cldn5 or Wif1 in podocytes markedly enhanced renal fibrosis after UUO. This effect was associated with increased WNT downstream gene expression. Systemic delivery of WIF1 using an adenoviral delivery system profoundly inhibited the development and progression of kidney fibrosis using the UUO model. In vitro, exposure of TKPTS to culture medium from Cldn5-deficient podocytes resulted in the increased expression of WNT target genes, compared with the culture medium from wild-type podocytes which has higher concentration of WIF1. Collectively, these data add strong support for a potential mechanism to account for how glomerular injury triggers tubular damage during chronic kidney disease progression.
Some of the preliminary evidence that ZO proteins participated in the control of gene expression was the observation that the transcription factor ZONAB was expressed in the nucleus and also co-localized with ZO1 to form a complex14,25,26. We show here that the interaction of ZO1 with CLDN5 may be important for the stabilization of ZO1 in podocytes via anchoring of ZO1 to the plasma membrane to inhibit the nuclear accumulation of ZONAB. ZONAB localization in podocytes is affected by Cldn5 knockout along with biochemical interactions between CLDN5, ZO1, and ZONAB. And altered ZO1 distribution in Cldn5 knockout mice provides increasing evidence for functional interactions between these proteins. Loss of CLDN5 likely disrupts this membrane protein complex and induces the translocation of ZONAB into the nucleus, leading to downregulation of WIF1 expression. Even though ZO1 has been identified as an important component of the SD complex and podocyte-specific deletion of ZO1 gene impaired SDs formation27, we did not observe bona fide SD morphological defect in our animals despite a significant reduction in ZO1 expression. We do not currently know why such a difference exists, one possibility is that the signal strengths generated by the CLDN5 deficiency are different from ZO1 knockout, leading to their different outcome.
ZONAB has been reported to be involved in transcriptional activation and repression, as well as in posttranscriptional mechanisms of gene expression regulation, including mRNA packaging, transport, localization and stability14,25,28. Here, we show that ZONAB influences Wif1 expression predominantly via the Wif1 3′-UTR in podocytes, but does not affect the promoter activity of Wif1. The Wif1 mRNA is a target of ZONAB and the association between ZONAB and Wif1 mRNA decreases Wif1 mRNA stability. Although ZONAB has been proved to act as a positive regulator of mRNA abundance by binding to 3′-UTRs, we show here that the transcriptional regulation of WIF1 by ZONAB occurs via 3′-UTR-mediated repression. Our observations are consistent with a recent study demonstrating both reductions and increases in transcripts levels in cells with ZONAB depletion via integrated proteomic and transcriptomic analysis29. Although ZONAB, as a nucleic acid-binding protein that directly regulates gene expression, has been shown to preferentially bind to YRS in RNA, the binding sites deletion caused no difference in Wif1 mRNA levels. One possibility is that the regulation of Wif1 by ZONAB occurs through a non-sequence-specific mechanism.
In conclusion, the present study reveals a previously undescribed function and an important regulatory role for the TJ protein CLDN5 in restricting WNT activity in the kidney (Supplementary Fig. 8). The paradigm of CLDN5 restricting WNT signaling can therefore be extended to other sites of CLDN5 expression. Interestingly, CLDN5 is regulated by WNT signaling30, suggesting that it might participate in a negative feedback loop to limit WNT-initiated signals. Our experiments also provide proof of principle that CLDN5 and WIF1 might be developed into therapeutic modalities for the treatment of kidney diseases affecting millions of people worldwide.
Methods
Antibodies, plasmids, and cell lines
The antibodies used in this study are summarized in Supplementary Table 3 and Supplementary Table 4. The full-length cDNA of mouse Zo1 (NM_009386) was synthesized and cloned into pLVX vector by Sango Biotechnology (China). The expression plasmids containing mouse Cldn5 (pCMV6-Cldn5, NM_013805), Zonab transcript variant 1 (pCMV6-Zonab-V1, NM_139117), and Zonab transcript variant 2 (pCMV6-Zonab-V2, NM_011733) genes were purchased from Origene Technologies (USA). MDCK II, human HEK293 cells, 3T3-L1, and mouse proximal tubule cells (TKPTS) were obtained from ATCC (USA) and cultured according to the distributor’s recommendations.
Animals
Mice were housed in a standard environment which was characterized by 12 h light/dark cycle, 22–25 °C, and 40–60% humidity with free access to water and chow. All animals were maintained in specific pathogen-free facilities. The 12-week-old male DB/M and DB/DB were obtained from Cavens Biogle (China). C57BL/6J (B6) mice were obtained from Vital River Laboratory (China).
For the generation of Cldn5loxP/loxP mice, targeting vector was constructed by inserting one SDA (self-deletion anchor)-flanked neomycin cassette and two loxP sites flanking the first exon of Cldn5 and then electroporating into embryonic stem cells from C57BL/6J mice (conducted by Cyagen Biosciences Inc, China). With one subsequent cross with B6 animals, the Neo transgene was removed and the obtained Cldn5loxP/+ mice were then intercrossed in order to generate the Cldn5loxP/loxP mice. For Cldn5loxP genotyping, a PCR with the following primers was performed F2: 5′-CCTCTGGCTAGTGTGGCTCTAAAC-3′, R2: 5′-GCATTCCTGACTCTGGCCTTTTAG-3′, resulting in a 328 bp band in the case of Cldn5loxP mice, and 215 bp for wild-type. Same strategy was used to generate the Wif1loxP/loxP mice with exon 3 selected as conditional knockout region. The primer sequences for genotyping the Wif1loxP allele were F2: 5′-CATTGATGACCCAAGTTGCTGAG-3′ and R2: 5′-TTGAACCATGCTTGGAGAGAAGAG-3′, which yielded a 205-bp band for the WT allele and a 253-bp band for the Wif1loxP allele.
Cldn5loxP/loxP mice or Wif1loxP/loxP mice were crossed with Nphs2-Cre mice (Jackson Laboratory, 008205) to generate podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout mice Nphs2-Cre+/−/Cldn5loxP/loxP (Cldn5podKO) or podocyte-specific WIf1-knockout mice Nphs2-Cre+/−/Wif1loxP/loxP (Wif1podKO), respectively. Heterozygous with Nphs2-Cre positive littermates served as controls. Nphs2-Cre transgene was detected by amplifying a 200 bp region of Cre recombinase by PCR. Forward and reverse oligonucleotides used were, respectively, 5′-CGGTTATTCAACTTGCACCA--3′ and 5′-GCGCTGCTGCTCCAG-3′.
R26-stop-EYFP reporter mice harbor a conditional Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein (EYFP) allele that requires Cre mediated recombination for expression. To facilitate the isolation of primary podocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), we crossed R26-stop-EYFP mutant mice (Jackson Laboratory, 006148) with Cldn5podKO mice to get podocyte-specific Cldn5 knockout reporter mice (Nphs2-Cre+/−/Cldn5loxP/loxP/EYFP-stoploxP/loxP) and control reporter mice (Nphs2-Cre+/−/Cldn5loxP/-/EYFP-stoploxP/loxP). The forward and reverse oligonucleotides for genotyping R26-stop-EYFP mutant mice were, respectively, 5′-AGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCA-3′ and 5′-TGAAGTCGATGCCCTTCAG-3′, which generated a 384 bp band.
STZ-induced DN
UNX combined with STZ were used to accelerate the development of DN. Briefly, after a 1-week recovery period from UNX, STZ was injected into 5–7-week-old fasting wild-type C57BL/6, Cldn5ctrl, Cldn5podKO, Wif1ctrl, and Wif1podKO mice (intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg body weight) for 5 days.
Spot samples of urine were collected every 4 weeks. Urinary albumin excretion rates were analyzed 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the last injection of STZ. Kidneys were harvested and processed for histological and ultrastructural analyses, glomerulus were collected for qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis after the 12-week follow-up.
In vivo administration of recombinant AAV
rAAV9 is the most efficient rAAV serotype for kidney gene delivery31. To overcome the non-specificity of rAAV9, we utilized the rAAV9 vector containing the Nphs1 promoter to drive expression of WIF1 in podocytes. Four to six weeks Cldn5podKO mice or wild-type CTL mice were performed with UNX and injected with STZ as described above. After 4 weeks of STZ injection, mice received in situ renal injection with 1 × 1012 genomic particles of rAAV9-NPHS1-GFP (AAV-CTL) or rAAV9-NPHS1-WIF1 (AAV-Wif1) (prepared by Hanbio Biotechnology Inc, China) at five independent points. For systemic Wif1 gene delivery, rAAV9-CMV-GFP (AAV-CTL) or rAAV9-CMV-WIF1 (AAV-Wif1) (prepared by Hanbio Biotechnology Inc, China) was administered to the diabetic mice 4 weeks after STZ injection via tail vein injection. Spot samples of urine were collected every 4 weeks. All mice were sacrificed to harvest kidneys 8 weeks after transduction.
UUO
Eight- to ten-week-old male mice were anesthetized and the left kidney exposed by the retroperitoneal approach. The ureter was ligated with 4-0 silk suture at 2 points, close to the renal pelvis. Kidneys were harvested for analysis 14 days after UUO. In the adenovirus administration experiments, 1 × 1012 genomic particles of either rAAV9-CMV-GFP (AAV-CTL) or rAAV9-CMV-WIF1 (AAV-Wif1) was given by tail vein on day 4, relative to the date of surgery.
Urine and serum analyses
Urinary albumin and creatinine were measured using mouse albumin-specific ELISA (Bethyl Laboratories, USA) and Quantichrome Creatinine Assay Kit (Nanjing Jiancheng, China). Proteinuria was expressed as μg albumin/mg creatinine. Blood glucose was measured using Yuwell Blood Glucose Meter (China). Plasma cystatin C was analyzed by Cystatin C Mouse ELISA Kit (Sango Biotechnology, China). Plasma HbA1c was measured by Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (Mouse) ELISA Kit (BioVision, USA).
Histologic analysis
Paraffin-embedded mouse kidney sections (5-μm thickness) were prepared by a routine procedure. Sections were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Sirius Red, PAS, and MTS. Histology images were collected by cellSens Software v3.1. PAS-stained sections were examined for the degree of glomerular damage (GSI and mesangial area expansion) using a semiquantitative scoring method as described by Maric et al.32. Image J v1.8.0 was used to quantify PAS staining micrographs. MTS sections were examined for the degree of tubulointerstitial fibrosis using a semiquantitative scoring method as described by Maric et al.32. TEM was performed on glutaraldehyde-fixed, epoxy-embedded kidney samples and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. TEM images were collected by RADIUS Software v2.1. To determine the GBM thickness and the number of FP per µm of GBM, TEM images were analyzed using NIH ImageJ v1.8.0 software.
Immunofluorescence staining
For immunofluorescence of kidney tissue, 8-μm frozen sections were fixed in ice-cold methanol or acetone. For immunofluorescence of cultured cells, primary podocytes on collagen I coated coverslips were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. Then incubated with the appropriate primary antibodies after blocking with 10% FBS in PBS, developed using FITC and/or rhodamine (TRITC) conjugated secondary antibodies (Millipore), and mounted with ProLong™ Gold Antifade Mountant. Immunofluorescence images were collected and processed by Zen Software v2.3 (blue edition).
RNA-seq
Total RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, 15596018) from glomerulus of Cldn5ctrl and Cldn5podKO mice at 4 weeks old. RNA-seq was performed on an Illumina Novaseq platform by Annoroad Genome (China). Paired-end clean reads were aligned to the mouse reference genome (Ensemble_GRCm38.90) with TopHat (version 2.0.12), and the aligned reads were used to quantify mRNA expression by using HTSeq-count (version 0.6.1). Differential expression analysis of two groups was performed using the DESeq2 R package (1.16.1). The resulting P-values were adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg’s approach for controlling the false discovery rate. Genes with an adjusted P-value <0.05 and a fold-change >2.0 were assigned as differentially expressed.
Primary podocytes isolation and treatment
Glomerulus were isolated from the Cldn5ctrl and Cldn5podKO mice expressing a GFP-reporter, by using Dynabeads M-450 Tosylactivated (#14013, Invitrogen) perfusion. The glomerulus was then further digested enzymatically (Multi Tissue Dissociation Kits, Miltenyi) and dissociated into a single-cell suspension by using the gentleMACS™ Dissociators, and FACS was used to isolate the GFP positive podocytes. For podocytes culture, RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 3T3-L1 medium were mixed in a 1:1 ratio as described33. The expression plasmid containing mouse Zo1 cDNA (pLVX-Zo1) was transfected alone or together with Cldn5 (pCMV6-Cldn5) into the Cldn5-deficient podocytes using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). For Zonab siRNA treatment, a pool of three target-specific 21 nt siRNA duplexes (#sc-38632, Sango Biotechnology, China) were designed against the coding region of mouse Zonab gene (NM_139117, NM_011733). A scrambled siRNA duplex (#sc-37007, Sango Biotechnology, China) was used as negative control. Either Zonab siRNA or scrambled siRNA was transfected to primary podocytes in 12-well culture dishes with lipofectamine 2000 for 24 h. For immunofluorescence experiment, isolated glomerulus were cultured on type I collagen-coated culture dishes for three days. After removing the remaining glomerular cores, podocytes cultured on glass coverslips were fixed in methanol, and processed for double-label immunofluorescence microscopy using appropriate antibodies. For actinomycin D (Sigma, USA) treatments, podocytes were treated with 5 μg/ml of actinomycin D or with the appropriate amount of carrier (dimethyl sulfoxide).
TKPTS cells experiment
In conditioned medium experiments, FACS-sorted WT or Cldn5 KO primary podocytes were cultured for 24 h. Supernatants were collected and cell debris was removed by centrifugation (2000 × g, 5 min). TKPTS cells were stimulated with 50% podocyte supernatants, added to their usual culture medium for 12 h (Supplementary Fig. 6i). RNA was subsequently extracted, and real-time qPCR was performed.
RNA extraction and qRT-PCR
Total RNA was extracted from isolated glomerulus or cultured cells using Trizol (Ambion, USA). RNA was reverse transcribed by using a reverse transcription system kit according to the instructions of the manufacturer (Takara, Japan) followed by qRT-PCR amplification using SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (ABI, USA) and the Thermo Fisher QuantStudio3 system. qRT-PCR results were acquired by QuantStudioTM Design & Analysis SE Software v1.5.0. Supplementary Table 5 contains the primer sequences used in this study. The expression levels of each mRNA were calculated after normalizing to those of β-actin. Results were expressed as 2−ΔCt values with ΔCT = Ctgene − Ctβ-actin.
Western blotting analysis
Total protein extracts were obtained by lysing isolated glomerulus or whole kidney in 1× Laemmli buffer (50 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 5% β-mercaptoethanol, 0.01% bromophenol blue). Cellular fractions (membrane, cytoskeleton, cytosolic, and nuclear) obtained from glomerulus were extracted using the Chemicon Compartmental Protein Extraction Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Millipore). Protein expression was detected by SDS/PAGE under reducing conditions, and immunoblotting was performed with antibodies. HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Thermo Fisher) followed by ECL (Thermo Fisher) incubation allowed protein band detection. The integration of all blots images was performed on Adobe Illustrator 2021. Image J v1.8.0 was used to quantify western blotting results.
Luciferase reporter assay
The mouse Wif1 gene promoters (2 kb, 1 kb, and 0.5 kb before start codon of the Wif1 open reading frame, synthesized by Shanghai Sango Biotechnology) were cloned into pGL3-Basic luciferase reporter vector (Promega) with NheI and HindIII sites. The pGL3 reporter, the pGL4.74 Renilla luciferase control vector (Promega), and pCMV6-Zonab vector were co-transfected to MDCK cells and primary podocytes in 96-well culture dishes using lipofectamine-2000. The 771 bp 3′-UTR of mouse Wif1 gene (synthesized by Shanghai Sango Biotechnology) was inserted into the psiCHECK-2 (Clontech) downstream of the luciferase gene using XhoI/NotI. The psiCHECK-2-Wif1: 3′-UTR and pCMV6-Zonab vector were co-transfected to MDCK cells and primary podocytes in 96-well culture dishes using lipofectamine 2000. The mutant 3′-UTR (deletion of predicted ZONAB binding site CCCCACCA, or CCCATCT, or both) of mouse Wif1 gene (synthesized by Shanghai Sango Biotechnology) were inserted into the psiCHECK-2 downstream of the luciferase gene using XhoI/NotI. Wild-type or mutant psiCHECK-2-Wif1: 3′-UTR and Zonab siRNA were co-transfected to primary podocytes in 96-well culture dishes using Lipofectamine 2000. Twenty-four hours after transfection, firefly and renilla luciferase activities were measured with a chemiluminescence reporter assay system—Dual Glo (Promega) in Fluostar Omega (BMG). Luciferase activities were collected by Omega Software v5.50 R4.
Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
Isolated glomerulus or HEK293 cells expressing CLDN5 with ZO1 and ZONAB were lysed in 50 mM Tris (pH 8.0) by 25–30 repeated passages through a 25-gauge needle, followed by centrifugation at 5000 × g. The membranes of lysis were extracted using CSK buffer (150 mM NaCl; 1% Triton X-100; 50 mM Tris, pH 8.0; and protease inhibitors). The membrane extract was precleared by incubation with protein A/G-sepharose (Sigma-Aldrich) prior to Co-IP. The precleared membrane extract was incubated for 16 h at 4 °C with anti-CLDN5, anti-ZO1, anti-ZONAB, and anti-mouse IgG (as negative control) antibodies. Antibody-bound material was pelleted with protein A/G-sepharose, washed three times with CSK buffer, and detected by immunoblotting.
RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP)
To assess the association of endogenous ZONAB with endogenous Wif1 mRNA, immunoprecipitation (IP) of nuclear ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes was performed using the Imprint® RNA Immunoprecipitation Kit (Sigma, USA). Isolated glomerulus lysates were incubated overnight at 4 °C with gentle rotation in the presence of excess (10 μg) IP antibody (IgG, anti-ZONAB). RNA in IP materials was used in RT reactions followed by qPCR analysis to detect the levels of Wif1 and β-actin mRNAs.
Statistics and reproducibility
The significance of differences between groups was tested by Prism 6.07 (GraphPad Software Inc.). Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test determine differences between two groups. P-values <0.05 were interpreted as statistically significant. All data are presented as mean ± SEM and other details such as the number of replicates and the level of significance are mentioned in figure legends and Supplementary Information/Source data file. The representative figures shown in the paper were repeated at least three independent experiments unless otherwise stated.
Study approval
All animal studies were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Binzhou Medical University and conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Reporting summary
Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article.
Data availability
All data generated in this study are provided in the Supplementary Information/Source data file. Exact P values are also included within the Source data file. The raw RNA-seq data generated in this study have been deposited in NCBI sequence read archive (SRA) database under accession number PRJNA700678. Additional details on protocols and databases/datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Source data are provided with this paper.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to George Jarad (Washington University in St. Louis) for helpful suggestions on the study. We thank Haotian Guo for analyzing RNA-sequencing data. We thank Min Zhao and Ping Li for animal husbandry. We thank the Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center of Binzhou Medical University for assistance on electron microscopy imaging and FACS sorting. The work is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81670620, 81870485, 81970578, and 81971281), Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province (ts20190953), and Shandong First Medical University Academic Promotion Program (2020LI001).
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H.S., H.L., and J.Y. performed animal characterization and in vitro studies. X.D.W., M.X., and M.W. performed histologic analysis. B.F., J.L., N.L., X.W., and L.L. performed mice genotyping and unilateral ureteral obstruction surgery. Y.G. and S.Z. designed and jointly supervised the study, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.
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Sun, H., Li, H., Yan, J. et al. Loss of CLDN5 in podocytes deregulates WIF1 to activate WNT signaling and contributes to kidney disease. Nat Commun 13, 1600 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29277-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29277-6
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