Abstract
We recall the concepts of -contractive and α-admissible mappings on complete metric spaces to state related fixed point theorems. In this paper, we obtain some fixed point results for -expansive locally contractive mappings in complete metric spaces. The contractiveness of the mapping is only on a closed ball instead of the whole space. Our results unify, generalize, and complement various well-known comparable results in the literature.
MSC:46S40, 47H10, 54H25.
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1 Introduction and preliminaries
The main revolution in the existence theory of many linear and nonlinear operators happened after the Banach contraction principle [1]. After the emergence of this principle many researchers put their efforts into studying the existence and solutions for nonlinear equations (algebraic, differential, and integral), a system of linear (nonlinear) equations and convergence of many computational methods. The Banach contraction gave us many important theories like variational inequalities, optimization theory, and many computational theories. Due to the wide importance of the Banach contraction, many authors generalized it in several directions [2–17]. Wang et al. in [18] defined expansion mappings in the form of the following theorem.
Theorem 1 [18]
Let be a complete metric space. If F is a self-mapping on X and if there exists a constant such that
for all and F is onto, then F has a unique fixed point in X.
On the other hand, Samet et al. in [19] introduced the concepts of -contractive and α-admissible mappings in complete metric spaces. They also proved a fixed point theorem for -contractive mappings in complete metric spaces using the concept of α-admissible mapping.
Let us denote by Ψ the family of non-decreasing functions such that for all , where is the n th iterate of ψ.
The following lemma can easily be deduced.
Lemma 2 If , then for all .
Let us consider the following example.
Example 3 Let be defined in the following way:
and
It is clear that . Moreover, note that , are examples of continuous and discontinuous functions in Ψ.
In [19] Samet et al. defined the notion of α-admissible and -contractive type mappings as follows.
Definition 4 Let F be a self-mapping on X and be a function. Then F is called α-admissible mapping if
Theorem 5 [19]
Let be a complete metric space and F be α-admissible mapping. Assume that there exists such that
and suppose that:
-
(i)
there exists such that ;
-
(ii)
either F is continuous or for any sequence in X with , for all and as , we have , for all .
Then F has a fixed point.
Definition 6 A function F which is α-admissible and satisfying inequality (1.1) is called an -contractive mapping.
In [20], Shahi et al. complements the concept of -contractive type mappings by considering χ as a family of non-decreasing continuous functions with the following conditions:
-
(i)
for all , where is the n th iterate of ξ;
-
(ii)
for all ;
-
(iii)
for all .
Remark 7 If is an expansion mapping, then F is an -expansive mapping, where , for all , and , for all and for some .
Theorem 8 [20]
Let be a complete metric space and be bijective mapping. Suppose there exist functions and such that
for all . Suppose the following assertions hold:
-
(i)
the is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
either F is continuous, or a sequence in X converging to and for all , we have
for all .
Then there exists a point in X such that .
Definition 9 A function F which is α-admissible and satisfying inequality (1.2) is called an -expansive contractive mapping.
For more details as regards fixed point theory we refer the reader to [21–26].
In this paper, we use the concept of α-admissible to study fixed point theorems for expansive mappings satisfying -contractive conditions in a complete metric spaces. We also provide a non-trivial example to support our main result.
2 Main result
In the following main result, we prove the existence of the fixed point of the mapping satisfying an -contractive condition on the closed ball. Also it is crucial in the sense that it requires the contractiveness of the mapping only on the closed ball instead of the whole space.
Definition 10 Let be a complete metric space and be given mappings. We say that F is an -expansive locally contractive mapping if there exists , and the functions and are such that
for all . For and , let be a closed ball of radius r centered at .
Theorem 11 Let be a complete metric space and be an -expansive locally contractive and bijective mapping such that
Suppose that the following assertions hold:
-
(i)
is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
;
-
(iii)
either F is continuous, or a sequence in converges to and , for all , and we have
for all .
Then there exists a point in such that .
Proof Let be an arbitrary point in X. Define the sequence as follows:
By assumption and as is α-admissible, we have
so we deduce that , which implies that
Using the same argument, we obtain for all . Let us show that for all . Using inequality (2.2), we get
It follows that . Let , for some . Now we prove that ,
Notice that , since
Hence and , for all . From the inequality (2.4), we have
for all . Now let and let such that
Then for with and using the triangular inequality, we obtain
Thus we have proved that is a Cauchy sequence in . Since is a complete space, there exists such that . From the continuity of F, it follows that as . By the uniqueness of the limit, we get , that is, is a fixed point of F. As is a sequence in X such that and , for all . We have
Utilizing the inequalities (2.1), (2.6), and the triangular inequality, we obtain
As , we can get by using the continuity of ξ. Therefore . Then , hence the proof is completed. □
Example 12 Let be endowed with the standard metric , for all . Define the mappings and by
and
Then for . Considering and , then . Clearly F is an α-ξ-contractive mapping with as
Now
We prove that all the conditions of our main Theorem 11 are satisfied, only for . Now we prove that is α-admissible. Let such that . This implies that and . By the definitions of and α, by construction we have , since and . Then by construction we have . Notice that F has fixed point 0. Now we prove that the contractive condition is not satisfied for . We suppose and , then
Now, to discuss the uniqueness of the fixed point deduced in Theorem 11, let us consider the following condition:
(P): For all , there exists such that and .
Then we get the following theorem.
Theorem 13 Consider the same hypotheses of Theorem 11, together with condition (P). Then the obtained fixed point of F is unique.
Proof From Theorem 11, the set of fixed points of F is non-empty. If u and v are two fixed points of F, that is, and , then we can show that . From the condition (P), there exists such that and . As is α-admissible, so we get
and
for all . Therefore, by repeatedly applying the α-admissible property of , we get
and
for all . Using the inequalities (2.1) and (2.7) and (2.8), we obtain
for all . Repeating the above inequality, we get
for all . Thus we have as . Using a similar technique to the above method, we obtain as . Now, the uniqueness of the limit of gives . Hence the proof is completed. □
Now, we have the following result.
Theorem 14 Let be a complete metric space and let be a bijective mapping. Suppose there exist functions and such that
where
Suppose that the following assertions hold:
-
(i)
the is α-admissible;
-
(ii)
there exists such that ;
-
(iii)
either F is continuous, or a sequence in X converging to and , for all , we have
for all .
Then there exists a point in X such that .
Proof Let us define the sequence in X by
where is chosen such that . Now, if for some , then n, is a fixed point of F from the definition of . Without loss of generality, we may assume that for each . It is given that . Recalling that the is α-admissible, we have
Using mathematical induction, we obtain
for all . Now, by (2.10) with and , we obtain
When , then we get a contradiction to the fact that . When , then we get
for all . Therefore, by repetition of the above inequality, we have
Given and let such that . Let with and use the triangular inequality; we obtain
Thus we proved that is a Cauchy sequence in X. As is a complete metric space, there exists such that . Suppose F is continuous, it follows that as . By the uniqueness of the limit, we get , that is, is a fixed point of F, since is a sequence in X such that and for all . So from the hypotheses, we have
for all . Utilizing the inequalities (2.10), (2.14), and the triangular inequality, we obtain
where
In any case, by taking the limit as , we get . Therefore . Thus, . Hence, F has a fixed point in X. □
Remark 15 The function F may have more than one fixed point.
Finally, we prove a Suzuki type-fixed point result for expansive mappings in which the continuity of the mapping is needed. However, it is still unknown whether the continuity is a necessary condition or not.
Theorem 16 Let be a complete metric space and let be bijective mapping. Define a non-decreasing function by . Assume that there exists such that implies for all . If F is a continuous function, there exists a point such that .
Proof Let . We define the sequence in X by
Since , we get for all . By the hypotheses
for all . This implies that
where . One can easily prove that is a Cauchy sequence. As X is a complete metric space, converges to some . Since F is a continuous function, we get
Thus F has a fixed point, and hence the proof is completed. □
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Ahmad, J., Al-Rawashdeh, A.S. & Azam, A. Fixed point results for -expansive locally contractive mappings. J Inequal Appl 2014, 364 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-364
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1029-242X-2014-364