Abstract
We establish coincidence and common fixed-point theorems for G-isotone mappings in partially ordered metric spaces, which include the corresponding coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point theorems as special cases. Our proofs are simpler and essentially different from the ones devoted to coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point problems that appeared in the last years.
MSC:47H10, 54H25.
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1 Introduction
The Banach contraction principle is the most celebrated fixed-point theorem. There are great number of generalizations of the Banach contraction principle. A very recent trend in metrical fixed-point theory, initiated by Ran and Reurings [1], and continued by Nieto and Lopez [2, 3], Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [4] and many other authors, is to consider a partial order on the ambient metric space and to transfer a part of the contractive property of the nonlinear operators into its monotonicity properties. This approach turned out to be very productive; see, for example, [1–9], and the obtained results found important applications to the existence of solutions for matrix equations or ordinary differential equations and integral equations, see [1–4, 9] and reference therein.
In 2006, Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [4] introduced the notion of coupled fixed point and proved some fixed-point theorems under certain conditions. Later, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [8] extended these results by defining the mixed g-monotone property, coupled coincidence point and coupled common fixed point. On the other hand, Berinde and Borcut [6] introduced the concept of tripled fixed point and proved some related theorems. Later, Borcut and Berinde [10] extended these results by defining the mixed g-monotone property, tripled coincidence point and tripled common fixed point. These results were then extended and generalized by several authors in the last five years; see [5, 6, 11–23] and reference therein. Recently, Karapınar [24] introduced the notion of quadruple fixed point and proved some related fixed-point theorems in partially ordered metric space (see also [24–27]). Berzig and Samet [28] extended and generalized the mentioned fixed-point results to higher dimensions. However, they used permutations of variables and distinguished between the first and the last variables. Very recently, Roldan et al. [29] extend the mentioned previous results for non-linear mappings of any number of arguments, not necessarily permuted or ordered, in the framework of partially ordered complete metric spaces. We remind the reader of the following fact: in order to guarantee the existence of coupled (tripled or quadruple) coincidence point, the authors constructed two (three or four) Cauchy sequences using the properties of mixed monotone mappings and contractive conditions. It is not easy to prove that two (three or four) sequences are simultaneous Cauchy sequences. Then we spontaneously wonder the following questions:
Question 1.1 Can we obtain more general fixed-point theorems including the corresponding coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point theorems as three special cases?
Question 1.2 Can we provide a new method for approximating coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed points?
In this work, motivated and inspired by the above results, we establish more general fixed-point theorems including the coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point theorems as three special cases. Furthermore, we provide affirmative answers to Questions 1.1 and 1.2. The main results extend and improve the recent corresponding results in the literature. Our works bring at least two new features to coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point theory. First, we provide a new method for approximating coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed points. Second, our proofs are simpler and essentially different from the ones devoted to coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point problems that appeared in the last years.
2 Preliminaries
For simplicity, we denote from now on by , where and X is a non-empty set. Let n be a positive integer, will denote the function . If elements x, y of a partially ordered set are comparable (i.e. or holds) we will write .
Let Φ denote the set of all functions , which satisfies
(i φ ) for all ;
(ii φ ) for all .
Definition 2.1 [12]
Let be a partially ordered set and d be a metric on R. We say that is regular if the following conditions hold:
-
(i)
if a non-decreasing sequence is such that , then for all n,
-
(ii)
if a non-increasing sequence is such that , then for all n.
Definition 2.2 [8]
Let be a partially ordered set and and . We say F has the mixed g-monotone property if F is monotone g-non-decreasing in its first argument and is monotone g-non-increasing in its second argument, that is, for any ,
and
Definition 2.3 [10]
Let be a partially ordered set and two mappings , . We say that F has the mixed g-monotone property if is g-monotone non-decreasing in x, it is g-monotone non-increasing in y and it is g-monotone non-decreasing in z, that is, for any ,
and
Note that if g is the identity mapping, then Definitions 2.2 and 2.3 reduce to Definition 1.1 in [4] and Definition 4 in [6] of mixed monotone property, respectively.
Definition 2.4 [29]
Let be a mapping. We say that F has the mixed monotone property if is monotone non-decreasing in x and z, and it is monotone non-increasing in y and w, that is, for any
Some authors introduced the concept of coincidence point in different ways and with different names. Let and be two mappings.
Definition 2.5 A point is:
-
(i)
a coupled coincidence point [8] if , and ,
-
(ii)
a tripled coincidence point [10] if , , and ,
-
(iii)
a coupled common fixed point [8] if , and ,
-
(iv)
a tripled common fixed point [10] if , , and ,
-
(v)
a quadruple fixed point [24] if , , , and ,
-
(vi)
a Φ-coincidence point [29] if , for all i.
Similarly, note that if g is the identity mapping, then coupled coincidence point, tripled coincidence point and Φ-coincidence point reduce to coupled fixed point (Gnana-Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [4]), tripled fixed point (Berinde and Borcut [6]) and Φ-fixed point [29], respectively.
Definition 2.6 We say that the mappings and are commutative
Let be a partially ordered set and d be a metric on X. We endow the product space with the following partial order: for ,
which will be denoted in the sequel, for convenience, by ≤, also. Obviously, is a partially ordered set. The mapping , given by
where , defines a metric on . It is easy to see that
where . Indeed, ⇔ .
In order to prove our main results, we need the following lemma.
Lemma 2.7 Let be a partially ordered set and d be a metric on X. If is regular, then is regular.
Proof Without loss of generality, we assume that the sequence is non-decreasing with (), where . From (2.3), we have
Now suppose that . As the sequence is non-decreasing and (2.1), we have the sequences are non-decreasing. From (2.4), the regularity of and using Definition 2.1, we have
Suppose that . Since the sequence is non-decreasing and (2.1), we have the sequences are non-increasing. From (2.4), the regularity of and using Definition 2.1, we have
By (2.1), (2.5) and (2.6), we have for all n. By analogy, we show that if a non-increasing sequence is such that , then for all n. Therefore, is regular. □
3 Main results
We now state and prove the main results of this paper.
Definition 3.1 We say that the mappings and are commutative if for all .
Definition 3.2 Let be a partially ordered set and , . We say that T is a G-isotone mapping if, for any
Definition 3.3 An element is called a coincidence point of the mappings and if . Furthermore, if , then we say that Y is a common fixed point of T and G.
Theorem 3.4 Let be a partially ordered set and suppose there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let and be a G-isotone mapping for which there exists such that for all , with ,
where is defined via (2.2). Suppose and also suppose either
-
(a)
T is continuous, G is continuous and commutes with T or
-
(b)
is regular and is closed.
If there exists such that , then T and G have a coincidence point.
Proof Since , it follows that there exists such that . In general, there exists such that , . We denote and
Obviously, if for some , then there is nothing to prove. So, we may assume that for all . Since , without loss of generality, we assume that (the case is similar), that is, . Assume that , that is, . Since T is a G-isotone mapping, we get
which shows that for all . This actually means that the sequence is non-decreasing. Since , from (3.1) and (i φ ) we have
for all . Hence, the sequence given by is monotone decreasing and bounded below. Therefore, there exists some such that . We shall prove that . Assume that . Then by letting in (3.3) and (ii φ ) we have
which is a contradiction. Thus,
We claim that is a Cauchy sequence. Indeed, if it is false, then there exist and the sequences and of such that is the minimal in the sense that and . Therefore, .
Using the triangle inequality, we obtain
Letting in the above inequality and using (3.4), we get
Since , we have and hence . Now, by (3.1), we have
Observe that
Letting in the above inequality and using (3.4)-(3.5), we have
where , which is a contradiction. Hence, the sequence is a Cauchy sequence in the metric space . On the other hand, since is a complete metric space, thus the metric space is complete. Therefore, there exists such that , that is, .
Now suppose that the assumption (a) holds. By the continuity of G, we have . On the other hand, by the commutativity of T and G, we have
By (3.6) and the continuity of T, we have
which shows that is a coincidence point of T and G.
Suppose that the assumption (b) holds. Using Lemma 2.7, we have is regular. Since is non-decreasing sequence that converges to , in view of Definition 2.1, we have for all n. Since is closed and by (3.2), we obtain that there exists for which
Then from (3.1), we have
for all . Letting in the above inequality, we have , which implies that . Therefore, is a coincidence point of T and G. □
Remark 3.5 Different kinds of contractive conditions are studied and we use a distinct methodology to prove Theorem 3.4. The authors proved that any number of sequences are simultaneous Cauchy sequence in [29]. However, we only need to proof that one sequence is a Cauchy sequence.
Taking in Theorem 3.4, we can obtain the following result immediately.
Corollary 3.6 Let be a partially ordered set and suppose there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let and be a G-isotone mapping for which there exists such that for all , with ,
Suppose and also suppose either
-
(a)
T is continuous, G is continuous and commutes with T or
-
(b)
is regular and is closed.
If there exists such that , then T and G have a coincidence point.
Now, we will show that Theorem 3.4 allow us to derive coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed-point theorems for mixed monotone mappings in partially ordered metric space.
Taking , and for in Theorem 3.4, we can obtain the following result.
Corollary 3.7 Let be a partially ordered set and suppose there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let and be a mixed g-monotone mapping for which there exists such that for all with , ,
Suppose and also suppose either
-
(a)
F is continuous, g is continuous and commutes with F or
-
(b)
is regular and is closed.
If there exist such that
or
then there exist such that and , that is, F and g have a couple coincidence point.
Proof For simplicity, we denote , and for all . We endow the product space with the following partial order:
Consider the function defined by
Obviously, and are two particular cases of and defined by (2.1) and (2.2), respectively. Now consider the operators and defined by
and
Since , we have .
We claim that T is a G-isotone mapping. Indeed, suppose that , . By (3.10) and (3.13), we have and . Since F is g-mixed monotone, we have
From (3.10), (3.12) and (3.14), we have
Similarly, we can obtain that for any , . By (3.8)-(3.10), we have there exists such that .
From (3.11) and (3.12), we have
and
for any , . It follows from (3.7) that
Now suppose that the assumption (a) holds. By the continuity of g, we have G is continuous. From (3.12), (3.13) and using the commutativity of F and g, we have, for any
which implies that G commutes with T. It is easy to see that T is continuous. Indeed, by (3.11), we obtain that () if and only if and (). Since F is continuous, we have and (), for any (). Therefore, we have
for any ().
Suppose that the assumption (b) holds. It is easy to see that is closed.
All the hypothesis of Theorem 3.4 () are satisfied, and so we deduce the existence of a coincidence point of T and G. From (3.12) and (3.13), there exists such that and , that is, is a coupled coincidence point of F and g. □
Remark 3.8 Note that in the case of the condition (b) satisfied in Corollary 3.7, we omit the control conditions: g is continuous and commutes with F, which are needed in the proof of Theorem 2.1 in [8] and Theorem 3 in [7].
Taking , and for in Theorem 3.4, we can obtain the following result by the similar argument as we did in the proof of Corollary 3.7.
Corollary 3.9 Let be a partially ordered set and suppose there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let and such that F has the mixed g-monotone property and . Assume there is a function such that
for any for which , and . Suppose either
-
(a)
F is continuous, g is continuous and commutes with F or
-
(b)
is regular and is closed.
If there exist such that
or
then there exist such that
that is, F and g have a tripled coincidence point.
Similarly, taking , and G is the identity mapping on for in Theorem 3.4, we can obtain the following result.
Corollary 3.10 Let be a partially ordered set and suppose there is a metric d on X such that is a complete metric space. Let such that F has the mixed monotone property. Assume there is a function such that
for any for which , , and . Suppose either
-
(a)
F is continuous or
-
(b)
is regular.
If there exist such that
or
then there exist such that
that is, F have a quadruple fixed point.
Theorem 3.11 In addition to the hypothesis of Theorem 3.4, suppose that for every there exists such that is comparable to and to . Also, assume that φ is non-decreasing. Let G commute with T if the assumption (b) holds. Then T and G have a unique common fixed point, that is, there exists a unique point such that .
Proof From Theorem 3.4, the set of coincidence points of T and G is non-empty. Assume that and are two coincidence points of T and G. We shall prove that . Put and choose so that . Then, similarly to the proof of Theorem 3.4, we obtain the sequence defined as follows: , . Since and are comparable, without loss of generality, we assume that . Since T is a G-isotone mapping, we have
Recursively, we get that , . Thus, by the contractive condition (3.1), one gets
Thus, by the above inequality, we get
where . Since φ is non-decreasing, it follows that
From the definition of Φ, we get , for each . Then, we have . Thus,
Similarly, we obtain that
Combining (3.15) and (3.16) yields that . Since , by the commutativity of T and G, we have
Denote . By (3.17), we have , that is is a coincidence point of T and G. Thus, we have . Therefore, is a common fixed point of T and G.
To prove the uniqueness, assume is another common fixed point of T and G. Then we have
□
Corollary 3.12 In addition to the hypothesis of Corollary 3.7, suppose that for every there exists such that is comparable to and to . Also, assume that φ is non-decreasing. Let g commute with F if the assumption (b) holds. Then F and g have a unique coupled common fixed point, that is, there exists a unique point such that
Proof Similarly to the proof of Corollary 3.7, we can obtain all conditions of Theorem 3.4 () are satisfied. In addition, by the commutativity of g and F, we have G commutes with T. For simplicity, we denote , and . By (3.12), we have
By hypothesis, there exists such that is comparable to and to . Hence, there is no doubt that all conditions of Theorem 3.11 are satisfied (). Therefore, there exists a unique point such that . That is, and . □
By the similar argument as we did in the proof of Corollary 3.12, we deduce the following corollary from Theorem 3.11 ().
Corollary 3.13 In addition to the hypothesis of Corollary 3.9, suppose that for all and in , there exists in such that is comparable to and . Also, assume that φ is non-decreasing. Let g commute with F if the assumption (b) holds. Then F and g have a unique tripled common fixed point , that is,
Author’s contributions
SW completed the paper herself. The author read and approved the final manuscript.
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Acknowledgements
The author thanks the editor and the referees for their useful comments and suggestions. This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Yancheng Teachers University under Grant (12YCKL001) and UNSF of Jiangsu province, China (09KJD110005).
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Wang, S. Coincidence point theorems for G-isotone mappings in partially ordered metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2013, 96 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-96
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2013-96