Abstract
Stochastic models have an important role in modeling and analyzing epidemic diseases for small size population. In this article, we study the generation of stochastic models for epidemic disease susceptible-infective-susceptible model. Here, we use the separation variable method to solve partial differential equation and the new developed modified probability generating function (PGF) of a random process to include a random catastrophe to solve the ordinary differential equations generated from partial differential equation. The results show that the probability function is too sensitive to μ, β and γ parameters.
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1 Deterministic susceptible-infective-susceptible model
Figure 1 shows a deterministic susceptible-infective-susceptible model for an epidemic disease. In this figure, S is the susceptible population, I is the infective population, is the natural death rate, is the removal rate which is a constant. Note that because they represent the number of people. The infection rate, λ, depends on the number of partners per individual per unit time () and the transmission probability per partner (). In this system, the first susceptible population in class S is going to be infected, then infected population in class I is going to be susceptible again. The following system of ODE’s describes this susceptible-infective-susceptible model [1]
Figure 1 illustrates the system (1). This system is nonlinear due to the form of .
2 Generation stochastic susceptible-infective-susceptible model
In this section, we present the state of the generation stochastic [2–5] susceptible-infective-susceptible model. The stochastic susceptible-infective-susceptible model is similar to the deterministic susceptible-infective-susceptible model, for the deterministic model we can find an exact function but for the stochastic model, we cannot obtain an exact function. Figure 2 shows the state diagram for the stochastic [2–5] susceptible-infective-susceptible model [1, 6–10].
At , if m is infective and n is susceptible, namely , then is the probability function in the time t and stage i. Here, our goal is to determine . Table 1 shows the transition diagram for this model. To determine ’s, we should create the Kolmogorov equations. From Figure 2, we have
and
Now, to produce the forward Kolmogorov equations, we have
So,
then
Having limited from both sides of Eq. (5), when , we have
Therefore, the forward Kolmogorov equations for this model will be as follows:
The probabilities function is found from Eq. (7). Also, from probability generating functions (PGFs) and partial differential functions equations (PDEs), the probabilities function can be obtained. Probability generating functions can be written as
Now, the partial derivative of with respect to t will be , so one can write the partial derivative as follows:
Having simplified Eq. (9), we can write
The separation variable method is employed to solve Eq. (10). If , then we have
Two sides of Eq. (11) are equal, so
To include a random catastrophe presented by Gani and Swift in 2006 [11], we develop the modified probability generating function (PGF) of a random process to solve Eq. (10) as follows:
with , here is the answer of Eq. (10) when , . So, we can put , with in Eq. (12)
This equation was solved by Bailey in 1963 [12]. After having solved Eq. (14) by Maple, we have
where is a hypergeometric function.
Notation 1 The standard hypergeometric function is as follows:
where with is the Pochhammer symbol. The derivatives of are given by
Also, from equation , we have . So,
In Eq. (17) we can take ; , here ϵ is so small parameter. Then from Eq. (17) and Eq. (13), one can write
Thus,
where
Now, to find , one can calculate as follows:
So,
Hence, and are obtained as follows:
Therefore,
with
3 Numerical results
Some numerical examples illustrate the behavior of the probability function with the following parameters: ; ; ; .
Figure 3(a) and (b) show the behavior of the probability functions, and with and when and .
Figure 3(a) shows that with an increase in t and β, the probability function increases fast, but in Figure 3(b) decreases fast.
Figure 4(a) and (b) show the behavior of the probability functions, and with and when and . Figure 4(a) shows that as t increases, the probability function increases, but with an increase in μ, the probability function decreases. Figure 4(b) shows that as t increases, the probability function decreases, but with an increase in μ, the probability function increases.
Figure 5(a) and (b) display the probability functions, and with and . From Figure 5(a) when and , the probability function is nearly zero, but for as t increases, slowly increases, and as γ increases, sharply increases. In Figure 5(b), is almost constant for , but with a decrease in γ from 1 to 0, increases; also, Figure 5(b) shows the highest value of when and .
Figure 6(a) and (b) show the probability functions, and with and . Figure 6(a) depicts that for , as μ increases from 0 to 1, the probability function increases. Figure 6(b) shows that for , with an increase in β and μ, the probability function increases.
Figure 7(a) and (b) illustrate the probability functions, and with and . Figure 7(a) shows that the probability function decreases with an increase in μ, but inversely it increases with an increase in γ. In Figure 7(a) we observe a separation which means that in the probability function we have . Figure 7(b) depicts that the probability function increases when μ increases, although it decreases with an increase in γ.
4 Conclusions
We have presented the generation of a stochastic model for the susceptible-infective-susceptible model. The separation variable method has been applied to solve a partial differential equation of this generation. So, two ordinary differential equations have been achieved which relate to the parameter x. To solve this equation, we used the developed modified probability generating function (PGF) of a random process to consider a random catastrophe. Numerical results showed the behavior of the probability function when and .
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Seddighi Chaharborj, S., Fudziah, I., Abu Bakar, M. et al. The use of generation stochastic models to study an epidemic disease. Adv Differ Equ 2013, 7 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2013-7