Abstract
In this paper, we present existence and uniqueness theorems of nonnegative, asymptotically stable, and ultimately nondecreasing solutions for weakly singular quadratic integral equations of Volterra type in Banach algebras. The concept of the measure of noncompactness and a fixed point theorem due to Darbo acting in a Banach algebra are the main tools in carrying out our proof. An effective numerical example is given to illustrate our theory results.
MSC:45G05, 47H30.
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1 Introduction
Quadratic integral equations with nonsingular kernels are associated with epidemic models [1–5]. Recently, quadratic integral equations with singular kernels have received a lot of attention because of their useful applications in describing numerous events and problems of the real world. A simple type of quadratic integral equation involving singular kernels in Banach algebras on an unbounded interval can be written as
where
where , , , and are functions satisfying certain conditions for . As regards (1), Banaś and Dudek [6] apply the techniques of a certain measure of noncompactness to study the existence of theories in the Banach algebra .
As pointed out in [6], one would have to explore some sophisticated tools to study quadratic integral equations involving singular kernels in Banach algebras due to such type equations have rather complicated form. More in particular, we have the important condition (m) (see Definition 2.2) related to the operator , , which plays an essential role in the application of the technique of measures of noncompactness in a certain Banach algebras setting.
It seems interesting to ask what happens if the singular is replaced by a certain function of, say, where , , and are pre-fixed numbers for .
In this paper we continue the work in [6] and apply the explored tools and develops the techniques to study the existence of solutions to (1) with
in , where is the gamma function, , , and are pre-fixed numbers for .
Let us notice that weakly singular kernels appears in the second term of (2) are corresponding to the so-called Erdélyi-Kober type fractional integrals [7] of the function h which is given by
In the past two decades, differential and integral equations involving fractional integral operators draws a great application in nonlinear oscillations of earthquakes, many physical phenomena such as seepage flow in porous media and in fluid dynamic traffic model. One can also find more details of such fractional equations in physics, viscoelasticity, electrochemistry, and porous media in [8–13] and in the important monographs [7, 14–18].
In the present paper, we apply a certain measure of noncompactness introduced by Banaś and Dudek [6] and develop some useful methods in Wang et al. [19] to derive new existence, asymptotically stable, and ultimately nondecreasing of nonnegative solutions to (1) with (2) under the restriction on the parameters , , . Moreover, we also give the uniqueness result by requiring to satisfy the Lipschitz continuous condition and addressing , , . As an application, we give an effective numerical example to illustrate our theoretical results.
Comparing with the corresponding existence results in Olaru [3, 4] and Brestovanská and Medveď [5], we discuss a quadratic integral equation with a class of special singular kernels by using a different method, a fixed point theorem due to Darbo acting in a Banach algebra via the technique of the measure of noncompactness. As a result, we obtain a new and interesting existence result.
Comparing with the corresponding existence result in Banaś and Dudek [6], there are at least three different points: (i) the singular kernels in our equation is more general; (ii) we not only present the existence result but also derive the uniqueness result; (iii) we give an effective numerical example and draw a curve of the unique nonnegative, asymptotically stable and ultimately nondecreasing solution to support our theoretical results.
2 Mathematical preliminary
Let E be a Banach space with the norm and the zero element θ. Denote by the closed ball centered at x and with radius r. The symbol stands for the ball . If we use , ConvX to denote the closure and convex closure of X, respectively. The symbol diamX denote the diameter of a bounded set X and denotes the norm of X, that is, . Moreover, we denote by the family of all nonempty and bounded subsets of E and by its subfamily consisting of all relatively compact sets.
We collect the following definition of a measure of noncompactness.
Definition 2.1 (see [20])
A mapping is said to be a measure of noncompactness in E if it satisfies the following conditions:
-
(i)
The family is nonempty and where kerμ denotes the kernel of the measure of noncompactness μ.
-
(ii)
.
-
(iii)
.
-
(iv)
.
-
(v)
for .
-
(vi)
If is a sequence of closed sets from such that () and if , then the intersection is nonempty.
We see that the intersection set from (vi) belongs to kerμ. In fact, since for every n, we have .
We assume that the space E has the structure of Banach algebra. In such a case we write xy in order to denote the product of elements . Similarly, we denote .
Now, we recall a useful concept of the condition (m).
Definition 2.2 (see [21])
One says that the measure of noncompactness μ defined on the Banach algebra E satisfies condition (m):
if for arbitrary sets .
In what follows we recall some measures of noncompactness in the Banach algebra consisting of all real functions defined, continuous, and bounded on . The algebra is endowed with the usual supremum norm for . In fact, the present measures of noncompactness were considered in detail in [21].
We assume that X is an arbitrarily fixed nonempty and bounded subset of the Banach algebra , that is, . Choose arbitrarily and . For denote by the modulus of continuity of the function x on the interval , i.e., .
Let , and . Define . Finally, we set .
It was shown [21] that the function is the measure of noncompactness in the algebra as introduced in [21]. The kernel of this measure contains all sets such that functions belonging to X are locally equicontinuous on and have finite limits at infinity. Moreover, all functions from the set X tend to their limits with the same rate. Further, it was also proved that the measure of noncompactness satisfies condition (m) in [21].
For our problem, we consider another measure of noncompactness. In order to define this measure, similarly as above, fix a set and a number . Denote by the cross-section of the set X at the point t, that is, . Denote by the diameter of . Further, for a fixed and denote by the so-called modulus of decrease of the function x on the interval , which is defined by the formula . We denote , .
In a similar way one can define the modulus of increase of function x and the set X (see [21]).
Finally, let us define the set quantity in the following way:
Linking the facts established in [21, 22], is the measure of noncompactness in the algebra . The kernel of this measure consists of all sets such that functions belonging to X are locally equicontinuous on and the thickness of the bundle formed by functions from X tends to zero at infinity. Moreover, all functions from X are ultimately nondecreasing on (see [23]).
The measure has also an additional property.
Lemma 2.3 ([[6], Theorem 6])
The measure of noncompactness defined by (3) satisfies condition (m) on the family of all nonempty and bounded subsets X of Banach algebra such that functions belonging to X are nonnegative on .
The measure of noncompactness defined by (3) allows us to characterize solutions of considered operator equations in terms of the concept of asymptotic stability.
To formulate precisely that concept (see [24]) assume that Ω is a nonempty subset of the Banach algebra and is an operator. Consider the operator equation
where .
Definition 2.4 ([[6], Definition 7])
One says that solutions of (4) are asymptotically stable if there exists a ball in such that , and for each there exists such that for all solutions of (4) and for .
Now, we recall fixed point theorems for operators acting in a Banach algebra and satisfying some conditions expressed with the help of the measure of noncompactness.
Definition 2.5 ([20])
Let Ω be a nonempty subset of a Banach space E, and let be a continuous operator which transforms bounded subsets of Ω onto bounded ones. One says that F satisfies the Darbo condition with a constant k with respect to the measure of noncompactness μ if for each such that . If , then F is called a contraction with respect to μ.
Lemma 2.6 ([[6], Lemma 4])
Let E be a Banach algebra and assume that μ is a measure of noncompactness on E satisfying condition (m). Assume that Ω is nonempty, bounded, closed, and convex subset of the Banach algebra E, and the operators P and T transform continuously the set Ω into E in such a way that and are bounded. Moreover, one assumes that the operator transforms Ω into itself. If the operators P and T satisfy on the set Ω the Darbo condition with respect to the measure of noncompactness μ with the constants and , respectively, then the operator F satisfies on Ω the Darbo condition with the constant . Particularly, if , then F is a contraction with respect to the measure of noncompactness μ and has at least one fixed point in the set Ω.
Remark 2.7 It can be shown [20] that the set Fix F of all fixed points of the operator F on the set Ω is a member of the kernel kerμ.
In what follows we recall facts concerning the superposition operator which are drawn from [25]. In order to define this operator assume that but and is a given function. Denote by all the functions acting from into J. For any , a function ℱ is defined by
Then the operator ℱ defined in (5) is called the superposition operator generated by f.
The following result presents a useful property of the superposition operator which is considered in the Banach space consisting of all real functions defined and bounded on .
Lemma 2.8 (see [23])
Assume that the following hypotheses are satisfied.
(C1) The function f is continuous on the set .
(C2) The function is ultimately nondecreasing uniformly with respect to u belonging to bounded subintervals of J, that is,
for any bounded subinterval .
(C3) For any fixed the function is nondecreasing on J.
(C4) The function satisfies a Lipschitz condition; that is, there exists a constant such that
for all and all .
Then the inequality
holds for any function , where k is the Lipschitz constant from assumption (iv).
The following basic equality will be used in the sequel.
Lemma 2.9 (see [26])
Let α, β, γ, and p be constants such that , , and . Then
where
is the well-known Beta function and .
3 Main results
In order to derive the existence theorem of nonnegative, asymptotically stable and ultimately nondecreasing solution, we consider (1) with (2) under the following assumptions:
(H1) The function , is nonnegative, bounded, continuous, and ultimately nondecreasing.
(H2) The function satisfies the conditions (C1)-(C3) of Lemma 2.8 for .
(H3) The functions , satisfy the Lipschitz condition with respect to the second variable; that is, there exists a constant such that
(H4) is a continuous function such that , .
(H5) There exists a continuous and nondecreasing function and a bounded and continuous function such that for , , and .
(H6) The function is bounded on and
(H7) The function , , satisfies
Remark 3.1 For some certain , we can choose or to guarantee the assumptions (H6) and (H7) hold. For more details, one can see the example in Section 4.
For brevity, we set
(H8) There exists a solution of the following inequality:
such that
Consider the operators on the space by defining
and
As a result, we obtain
In order to achieve our goal, we present the following results.
Lemma 3.2 The operators and , transform continuously the set into in such a way that and are positive and bounded.
Proof For any , keeping in mind of our assumptions (H1)-(H5) one can derive the fact that is nonnegative on , . Moreover, for , linking (2) with the imposed assumptions, we derive
which shows that , , is bounded on .
Next, keeping in mind of the properties of the superposition operator in [27] and (H2) we find that is continuous and bounded on , .
To show that is continuous on , , it is sufficient to show that is continuous on , .
Fix and , we choose any such that . Without loss of generality we assume that . Since and for , we can take such that and , . Set (). By Lemma 2.9 and the Hölder inequality, we have
where
and is continuous on .
The estimate (10) implies that is uniformly continuous on . Thus, we known that , is continuous on , which guarantees that , , transforms the set Ω into Ω due to (10). The proof is done. □
Lemma 3.3 There exists a such that transforms into where
with
Proof Note that (9) and (6), there exists a such that transforms into and (13) holds. □
Lemma 3.4 The operator is a contraction with respect to the measure of noncompactness with the constant L given in (7).
Proof Choose a nonempty subset X of the set and choose any fixed and . Then, for and for such that and , we have
In a similar way we obtain
where
Moreover,
for any .
Further, linking (14), (15) with the above fact, we arrive at
Clearly, and tend to zero as since the functions and are uniformly continuous on the set and , respectively. Hence we have
and
Next, choose any and . Keeping in mind our assumptions, we obtain
Now using (H6), we derive
In what follows, we prove that is continuous on .
Fix and take such that . In view of (20) we know that we may find a number such that for any we get
On the other hand, for any , we have
where we denoted
By using the uniform continuity of the function on , we derive
This shows that we can find such that is sufficiently small for and .
Now, we take any fixed and choose , such that . Then, for any , we obtain
Note that
By (H1), (H5), and (H7) and (22), we obtain
Hence, in view of Lemma 2.8, we derive
Linking (23), (15), (18), and (22), we obtain
It comes from (13) and (7) we obtain
which implies that W is a contraction with respect to the measure of noncompactness with the constant . This completes the proof. □
Now we are ready to state the main result in this paper.
Theorem 3.5 Let the assumptions (H1)-(H8) be satisfied. Then (1) with (2) has at least one solution in the space . Moreover, this solution is nonnegative, asymptotically stable, and ultimately nondecreasing.
Proof By Lemmas 3.2-3.4, one can see that all the assumptions in Lemma 2.6 are satisfied. Thus, one can infer that the operator W has at least one fixed point . Due to Remark 2.7 we know that x is nonnegative on , asymptotically stable, and ultimately nondecreasing. The proof is done. □
To end this section, we establish some sufficient conditions to derive the uniqueness of solution.
Theorem 3.6 Let the assumptions of Theorem 3.5 be satisfied. There exists a positive constant such that
for any and all , where is defined in (12).
Then for
(1) with (2) has a unique nonnegative, asymptotically stable, and ultimately nondecreasing solution.
Proof Suppose that y be another nonnegative and nondecreasing solution of (1). Then y satisfies the following integral equation:
Note that
where
Using (26) and (9) in (25), we obtain
for any and all , where L is given in (7), , , and .
Note that (7), we have
where ζ and are defined in the proof of Lemma 3.2.
In view of (7), we can rewrite the above inequality to
where and
From (27), we get
and the Gronwall inequality implies , so . This completes the proof. □
4 An example
Motivated by Example 11 in [6], we treat a numerical example to illustrate the main results. Consider the following quadratic fractional integral equation:
where
for .
Clearly, , , , and the functions in (1) have the form , , , , , .
In what follows, we check that the above functions will satisfy all the assumptions of Theorem 3.5.
Step 1, the function , is nonnegative, bounded, and continuous on . Since and are increasing on , they must be ultimately nondecreasing on . Meanwhile, and . Thus, (H1) holds.
Step 2, , transform continuously the set into . Moreover, is nondecreasing with respect to both variables and satisfies the Lipschitz condition with the constant . Similarly, the function is increasing with respect to x and satisfies the Lipschitz condition with the constant . Also, , . Thus, and satisfy (H2) and (H3).
Step 3, is continuous on and transforms . Meanwhile, , , where , , , and . It is easily seen that (H4) and (H5) are satisfied for and .
Step 4, one has
and
Thus,
So we find that (H6) is satisfied.
Step 5, for , we get
Similarly, we obtain
Thus, we see that (H7) is satisfied.
Step 6, using the above facts we find , , and , . Thus, the first inequality in (H8) reduces to
One can verify that is a solution of the above inequality such that it satisfies also the second inequality in (H8)
As a result, all the assumptions in Theorem 3.5 are satisfied. Moreover, (24) in Theorem 3.6 is also satisfied. Thus, (28) with , in (29) and (30) has a unique solution where , which is asymptotically stable and ultimately nondecreasing.
The unique asymptotically stable and ultimately nondecreasing solution of (28) with (29) and (30) is displayed in Figure 1.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the referees for their careful reading of the manuscript and insightful comments, which helped to improve the quality of the paper. We would also like to acknowledge the valuable comments and suggestions from the editors, which vastly contributed to the improvement of the presentation of the paper. This work is supported by Science and Technology Program of Guiyang (No. ZhuKeHeTong[2013101]10-6), Key Support Subject (Applied Mathematics), Key project on the reforms of teaching contents and course system of Guizhou Normal College, Doctor Project of Guizhou Normal College (13BS010) and Guizhou Province Education Planning Project (2013A062).
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This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. JRW raises these interesting problems in this research. JRW, ZC and XLY proved the theorems, interpreted the results and wrote the article. All authors defined the research theme, read and approved the manuscript.
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Yu, X., Zhu, C. & Wang, J. On a weakly singular quadratic integral equations of Volterra type in Banach algebras. Adv Differ Equ 2014, 130 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-130
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-130