Abstract
Taking into account that individual organisms usually go through immature and mature stages, in this paper, we investigate the dynamics of an impulsive prey-predator system with a Holling II functional response and stage-structure. Applying the comparison theorem and some analysis techniques, the sufficient conditions of the global attractivity of a mature predator periodic solution and the permanence are investigated. Examples and numerical simulations are shown to verify the validity of our results.
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1 Introduction
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations reported that, with the development of modern science and technology, many methods have been used for pest control, such as chemical pesticides and biological control (i.e., suppress the pests by natural enemies). Although great progress has been made in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM), people still cannot completely exterminate them all. For the IPM strategy on an ecosystem, the predators are released periodically every time T and periodic catching or spraying pesticides is also applied. Hence the predator and prey abruptly experience a change of state. In fact, many evolution processes are characterized by the fact that at certain moments their stage changes abruptly. Consequently, it is natural to assume that these processes act in the form of impulses. Impulsive methods have been applied in almost every field of the applied sciences. On the other hand, the purpose of IPM is to gain the biggest benefit with the minimum expense; see references [1–7]. For example, some authors [7] proposed an IPM predator-prey model concerning periodic biological and chemical management. It implied that the chemical pesticide is the most effective method which can eliminate a great quantity of pests in a short time. In recent work, biologists realized that appropriate human harvesting and stocking has vital significance on the permanent of biological resource. Jiang et al. [8] considered an impulsive prey-predator system with Holling type II functional response and state feedback control as follows:
where , represent the densities of the prey and the predator, respectively. For the parameters , r is the intrinsic growth rate of the prey, is the Holling II function response, b denotes the death rate of the predator, , , , . One obtained the complex dynamics of the system.
However, in the real world, the development of an individual organism usually goes through two stages on the time: immaturity and maturity. Some stage-structured models for the prey-predator system consisting of immature and mature individuals were analyzed in [9–12]. For example, a stage-structured prey-predator model with impulsive stocking on prey and continuous harvesting on predator was considered in [10]. Song and Chen [11] studied optimal harvesting and stability for a two species competitive system with stage structure. Shao and Dai [12] considered a predator-prey model with time delay and impulsive harvesting on prey and stocking on the immature predator. Actually, as the literature [13, 14] pointed out, stage-structured differential equations exhibit much more complicated behaviors than ordinary ones since time delays could cause a stable equilibrium to become unstable and cause the population to fluctuate. Therefore, it is important to consider the dynamics of a prey-predator system with stage-structure; see [15] and references cited therein.
On the other hand, with food safety gaining importance, green food is being paid more and more attention to. In order to plant green food, one can use a periodic harvesting or stocking prey or predator, instead of using high toxic or high residues pesticide.
Based on the above discussion, in this paper, we consider a stage-structured prey-predator model with Holling II functional response and impulsive catching or poisoning the immature prey and stocking of the mature predator as follows:
with initial conditions
where (), () denote the densities of immature (mature) prey and immature (mature) predator, respectively. The parameters r, k, λ, , , , , are all positive constants, r denotes the birth rate of the immature prey, k is the maximum number of the mature prey that can be eaten by a mature predator per unit of time, λ represents the rate of conversing prey into predator (i.e., the converse rate from mature prey to immature predator), (), are the mortality rates of the immature and mature prey, respectively, and (), are the mortality rates of the immature and mature predator, respectively, is the intra-specific competition rate of the mature prey, , represent a constant time to reach maturity of prey and predator, respectively, μ (≥0) denotes the stocking amount of the mature predator, p () is the catching rate of the immature prey at , , and , T is the period of the impulsive effect.
In this paper, we aim to investigate the global attractivity of a mature predator periodic solution and the permanence of system (1.1). In agreement with the biological point of view, we only consider (1.1) in the biological sense, region .
The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, some preliminaries and lemmas are given. In Section 3, sufficient conditions for the global attractivity of a mature predator survival periodic solution are obtained. In Section 4, the permanence of system (1.1) is investigated. Some examples and numerical simulations are given to illustrate the main results in Section 5. Finally, in Section 6, a brief conclusion is presented.
2 Preliminaries and lemmas
In this section, some definitions and lemmas are introduced.
Let , . Denote by the map defined by the right-hand side of system (1.1). Let , if:
-
(i)
V is continuous in , for each , ,
-
(ii)
V is locally Lipschitzian in x, then V is said to belong to class .
Definition 2.1 Let , , , the upper right derivative of with respect to impulsive differential system (1.1) is defined as
Next, we give some important lemmas which will be useful for our main results.
Lemma 2.1 [5]
Consider the impulsive differential system
where , , , and are constants.
Assume that:
-
(i)
the sequence satisfies , with ;
-
(ii)
and is left-continuous at , .
Then we have
Consider the following equation:
where a, b, c, and τ are positive constants, for . We have
-
(i)
if , then ;
-
(ii)
if , then .
Lemma 2.3 [7]
Consider the following system:
System (2.1) has a positive periodic solution with period T. For any solution of system (2.1), we have
where
Lemma 2.4 Consider the following system:
Then system (2.2) has a positive periodic solution with period T. For any solution of system (2.2), we have
where
Proof Integrating the first equation of (2.2) on , we have
After the successive pulses, the stroboscopic map of system (2.2) is obtained as follows:
There is a unique positive fixed point for (2.3), which is as follows:
This means that there is a positive periodic solution
with initial value , .
Suppose is an arbitrary solution of (2.2), then applying the iterative technique, we have
Hence, . The proof is completed. □
Lemma 2.5 There is a positive constant M such that , , , for every solution of system (1.1) with t sufficiently large, and λ is a positive constant defined in system (1.1).
Proof Define , , .
If , by , , we let , then
If , then
Hence, for , by using Lemma 2.1, we have
It means that is uniformly ultimately bounded. Therefore, according to the definition of , there is a constant
such that , , , with t large enough. This completes the proof. □
3 Global attractivity of mature predator periodic solution
In this section, we shall demonstrate the existence and global attractivity of the mature predator survival periodic solution of system (1.1).
Firstly, by Lemmas 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4, we can easily obtain the existence of a predator-extinction periodic solution for system (1.1).
Theorem 3.1 System (1.1) has a mature predator survival periodic solution . For , and each solution of system (1.1), we have as , where for , and .
Next, we give the conditions on the global attractivity of the predator-extinction periodic solution of the system (1.1).
Theorem 3.2 The mature predator survival periodic solution of system (1.1) is globally attractive, if
Proof Let be any solution of system (1.1). From the fourth and the eighth of system (1.1), we have
Considering the auxiliary system of (3.1) as follows:
Applying Lemma 2.3, we have
Then system (3.2) has a unique and globally attractive positive periodic solution. Applying the comparison theorem of the impulsive differential equation [16], there is a and a sufficiently small positive constant ε such that
for . By Lemma 2.5 and (3.3), we have
when . We consider the auxiliary impulsive differential equation
According to hypothesis (A1), for the sufficiently small constant , we can obtain
Applying Lemma 2.2, we have . Since for all , applying the comparison theorem, we have as . Without loss of generality, suppose that there is a constant such that
From the first and the fifth equations of (1.1) and (3.4), we have
Consider the following auxiliary impulsive differential system of (3.5):
Applying Lemma 2.4, we have
Taking into account the comparison theorem, for any small , there exists such that , . Let , then and
From the fourth and the eighth equations of system (1.1), we have
Consider the auxiliary system of (3.8),
By using Lemma 2.3, the unique positive periodic solution of system (3.9) is
By the comparison theorem, for sufficiently small constants , there exists such that , for all . Let , then and we have . On the other hand, we can conclude from (3.1), (3.2), and (3.3) that for t large enough, which implies as .
From the third and the seventh equations of system (1.1) and (3.3), (3.4), we have
Consider the auxiliary system of (3.10),
By simple calculation, we have
It follows from the comparison theorem that, for sufficiently small constants , there exists , such that for all . Let , then , and we have
Since ε, , , are arbitrary small, we obtain , , , as t is large enough. The proof is completed. □
4 Permanence of system (1.1)
In the real world, from the principle of ecosystem balance and saving resources, we only need to control the prey under the economic threshold level, and not to eradicate the prey totally. Thus we focus on the permanence of system (1.1).
First, we give the definition of permanence.
Definition 4.1 System (1.1) is said to be permanent if there exist positive constants m and M such that each positive solution of system (1.1) satisfies , , , for t large enough.
Theorem 4.1 Assume that:
where M, , , q are defined in (2.4), (4.7), (4.10), (4.13), respectively, then system (1.1) is permanent.
Proof Firstly, we will prove that there exists a constant such that for t sufficiently large. The second equation of (1.1) is equivalent to the following equality:
According to (4.1), we define
Calculating the derivative of , we obtain
Applying Lemma 2.5, (4.2) can be re-written as follows:
By hypothesis (A2), there is an arbitrary small positive such that
where .
Let be determined as follows:
Then, for any , it is impossible that for all . Suppose that the claim is invalid, then there is such that for all . It follows from the fourth and the eight equations of system (1.1) that
for all . Consider the following auxiliary impulsive system of (4.5):
By using Lemma 2.3, the unique positive periodic solution of (4.6) is
This is globally asymptotically stable by hypothesis (A3). Taking into account the comparison theorem of an impulsive differential equation, there exists () such that
For , we have
Then
According to (4.4), we have
By (4.3) and (4.8), we get
Let .
We will show that for all . Otherwise, there exists a such that for , and . From the second equation of system (1.1) and (4.8), we have
This is a contradiction. Thus, we have , .
By (4.4) and (4.9), we have
This means that as . It is a contradiction with .
Therefore, for any , the inequality cannot hold for all . So there exist the following two possibilities.
-
(i)
If holds for all t large enough, then our goal is obtained.
-
(ii)
If is oscillatory about . Setting
(4.10)
we prove that for all t large enough. Suppose that there exist two positive constants γ, η such that and for all , where γ is large enough, and the inequality (4.8) holds true for . Since is continuous, bounded, and is not affected by impulses, we conclude that is uniformly continuous. Hence, there exists a constant ( and is independent of the choice of γ) such that for . If , our aim is obtained. If , from the second equation of (1.1), we obtain, for , . According to the assumption and for , we have for . Then we derive that . It is clear that for . If , then we have for . The same arguments can be continued. We obtain for . Since the interval is arbitrarily chosen, we get for t large enough. In view of our arguments above, the choice of is independent of the positive solution of (1.1), which satisfies for t large enough.
Next, by the first and the fifth equations of system (1.1), we have
Consider the auxiliary system of (4.11) as follows:
By hypothesis (A4), and applying Lemma 2.4, we have
By the comparison theorem, there exists a positive constant sufficiently small such that as t is large enough. Taking into account the comparison theorem of an impulsive differential equation, we obtain
From (3.3), let , then .
Finally, by the third equation of system (1.1), we have
Consider the auxiliary system of (4.13),
It is easy to calculate that
Applying the comparison theorem, by hypothesis (A5), there exists a positive constant small enough when t is large enough, such that
Then taking , we have , . Considering Lemma 2.5 and the above discussion, we can find that system (1.1) is permanent. This completes the proof. □
5 Numerical simulations
In this section, we give some examples and numerical simulations to show the effectiveness of the main results. In system (1.1), we let , , , , , , , , , , , , , . It is quite clear that the parameters satisfy the conditions of Theorem 3.2, so we can obtain the global attractivity of the mature predator survival periodic solution, which is shown by Figure 1.
We let , , , , , , , , , , , , , . By computation, the conditions of Theorem 4.1 are also satisfied, hence, by Theorem 4.1, system (1.1) is permanent; see Figure 2.
6 Conclusion
In this paper, by using the comparison theorem of an impulsive differential equation and some analysis techniques, we obtain the sufficient conditions of the mature predator survival periodic solution and permanence of system (1.1). Theorem 3.2 implies that increasing T and μ is propitious to the global attractivity of the mature predator survival periodic solution . By Theorem 4.1, we may see that reducing T and μ plays an important role in the permanence of system (1.1). Combining the biological resource management, we believe that there exists a threshold value of economic benefits. Thus, it is unadvisable to make too much effort to destroy all the pest, and there must exist an optimal harvesting policy for system (1.1), that is, what we should do is to gain more, rather than wipe out all pest,so it is interesting for us to continue to study the optimal harvesting policy of system (1.1) in the near future.
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Acknowledgements
This paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11161015, 11361012), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (2013GXNSFAA019003) and partially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program 863 under Grant No. 2013AA12A402.
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Ju, Z., Shao, Y., Kong, W. et al. An impulsive prey-predator system with stage-structure and Holling II functional response. Adv Differ Equ 2014, 280 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-280
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1847-2014-280