Abstract
In the paper, the author considers the Fourier series related to higher-order Daehee and Changhee functions and establishes some new identities for higher-order Daehee and Changhee functions.
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1 Introduction and main results
It is common knowledge that the Bernoulli polynomials \(B_{n}(x)\) and the Euler polynomials \(E_{n}(x)\) for \(n\geq0\) can be generated by
and
With the viewpoint of deformed Bernoulli polynomials, the Daehee polynomials \(D_{n}(x)\) for \(n\geq0\) are defined by the generating function to be
It is easy to see that the generating function of the Daehee polynomials \(D_{n}(x)\) can be reformed as
From (1), we note that
where \(S_{1}(m,n)\) stands for the Stirling number of the first kind which is defined as
Combining (1) with (2) yields the following relation:
By replacing t by \(e^{t}-1\) in (1), we can derive
where \(S_{2}(n,m)\) is the Stirling number of the second kind which is given by \(x^{n}= \sum_{l=0}^{\infty}S_{2}(n,l)(x)_{l}\) \((n\geq0)\).
Comparing the coefficients on the both sides of (3), we obtain
Also, with the viewpoint of deformed Euler polynomials, the Changhee polynomials \(\mathit{Ch}_{n}(x)\) for \(n\geq0\) are defined by the generating function to be
Definition (4) can be written as
Combination of this identity with (4) results in the following relation:
Now replacing t by \(e^{t}-1\) in (4), we have
Equating coefficients on the very ends of the above identity leads to
In recent decades, many mathematicians have investigated some interesting extensions or modifications of the Daehee and Changhee polynomials along with related combinatorial identities and their applications (see [4, 9, 10, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23]). Especially, Kim and his coauthors have studied the Fourier series related to various types of Bernoulli functions in [7, 11–13, 15]. The purpose of this paper is to study the Fourier series related to higher-order Daehee and Changhee functions and establish some new identities for higher-order Daehee and Changhee functions.
For any real number x, we define
where \([x]\) is the integer part of x. Then \(D_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) are functions defined on \((-\infty,\infty)\) and periodic with period 1, which are called Daehee functions.
For \(r\in\mathbb{N}\) and \(n\geq0\), we note that the higher-order Daehee polynomials \(D^{(r)}_{n}(x)\) and the higher-order Changhee polynomials \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(x)\) may also be represented by the following generating function:
and
respectively (see [4, 10, 14]). When \(x=0\), \(D^{(r)}_{n}=D^{(r)}_{n}(0)\) are called the higher-order Daehee numbers and \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}=\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(0)\) are called the higher-order Changhee numbers. And it is easy to see that
Then \(D^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) and \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) are functions defined on \((-\infty,\infty)\) and periodic of period 1, which are called Daehee functions of order r and Changhee functions of order r, respectively.
Recall from [15, 24] that the Bernoulli function may be represented by
and
The Fourier series expansion of the Bernoulli functions is useful in computing the special values of the Dirichlet L-functions. For details, one is referred to [24].
Our main results in this paper can be stated as the following theorems.
Theorem 1
Let \(m\geq2\), \(r\geq1\). Assume that \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}=0\).
-
(a)
\(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) has the Fourier series expansion
$$ \begin{aligned} D^{(r)}_{m}\bigl(\langle x\rangle \bigr)=D^{(r)}_{m}-\sum_{\substack{n=-\infty\\ n\neq0}}^{\infty} \Biggl(\sum_{k=1}^{m}\frac{(m)_{k}}{(2\pi in)^{k}}D^{(r)}_{m-k} \Biggr){e^{2\pi inx}} \end{aligned} $$for \(x\in(-\infty,\infty)\). Here the convergence is uniform.
-
(b)
\(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)= \sum_{\substack{k=0\\ k\neq1}}^{m}\binom{m}{k}D^{(r)}_{m-1}B_{k}(\langle x\rangle)\), for all \(x\in(-\infty,\infty)\), where \(B_{k}(\langle x\rangle )\) is the Bernoulli function.
Theorem 2
Let \(m\geq2\), \(r\geq1\). Assume that \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}\neq0\).
-
(a)
$$ \begin{aligned} D^{(r)}_{m}-\sum _{\substack{n=-\infty\\ n\neq0}}^{\infty} \Biggl(\sum_{k=1}^{m} \frac{(m)_{k}}{(2\pi in)^{k}}D^{(r)}_{m-k} \Biggr){e^{2\pi inx}}= \textstyle\begin{cases} D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)& \textit{for } x\notin\mathbb{Z},\\ D^{(r)}_{m}+\frac{m}{2}D^{(r)}_{m-1} & \textit{for } x\in\mathbb{Z}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned} $$
Here the convergence is pointwise.
-
(b)
$$ \begin{aligned} \sum_{k=0}^{m} \binom{m}{k}D^{(r)}_{m-k}B_{k}\bigl(\langle x \rangle \bigr)=D^{(r)}_{m}(x)\quad\textit{for } x\notin \mathbb{Z} \end{aligned} $$
and
$$ \begin{aligned} \sum_{\substack{k=0\\ k\neq1}}^{m} \binom{m}{k}D^{(r)}_{m-k}B_{k}\bigl(\langle x \rangle\bigr)=D^{(r)}_{m}+\frac{m}{2}D^{(r)}_{m-1} \quad\textit{for } x\in \mathbb{Z}, \end{aligned} $$where \(B_{k}(\langle x\rangle)\) is the Bernoulli function.
Theorem 3
Let \(m\geq2\), \(r\geq1\). Assume that \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}=\mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m}\).
-
(a)
\(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) has the Fourier series expansion
$$ \begin{aligned} \mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\bigl(\langle x \rangle\bigr)={}&\frac{2}{m+1} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)} \bigr) \\ & +\sum_{\substack{n=-\infty\\ n\neq0}}^{\infty} \Biggl(\sum _{k=1}^{m}\frac{2(m)_{k-1}}{(2\pi in)^{k}} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r-1)} \bigr) \Biggr){e^{2\pi inx}} \end{aligned} $$for \(x\in(-\infty,\infty)\). Here the convergence is uniform.
-
(b)
$$ \begin{aligned} \mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\bigl(\langle x \rangle\bigr)={}&\frac{2}{m+1} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)} \bigr) \\ & +\sum_{k=1}^{m}\frac{2(m)_{k-1}}{k!} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)} \bigr)B_{k}\bigl(\langle x\rangle\bigr)\quad \textit{for } x\notin \mathbb{Z} \end{aligned} $$
and
$$ \begin{aligned} \mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\bigl(\langle x \rangle\bigr)={}&\frac{2}{m+1} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r)} \bigr) \\ & +\sum_{k=2}^{m}\frac{2(m)_{k-1}}{k!} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)} \bigr)B_{k}\bigl(\langle x\rangle\bigr)\quad \textit{for } x\in \mathbb{Z}, \end{aligned} $$where \(B_{k}(\langle x\rangle)\) is the Bernoulli function.
Theorem 4
Let \(m\geq1\), \(r\geq1\). Assume that \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\neq \mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m}\).
-
(a)
$$ \begin{gathered} \frac{2}{m+1} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m+1}-\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m+1} \bigr)+\sum_{\substack{n=-\infty\\ n\neq0}}^{\infty} \Biggl(\sum _{k=1}^{n}\frac {(m)_{k-1}}{(2\pi in)^{k}} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m-k+1}-\mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m-k+1} \bigr) \Biggr){e^{2\pi inx}} \\ \quad = \textstyle\begin{cases} \mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)& \textit{for } x\notin\mathbb{Z},\\ \mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m} & \textit{for } x\in\mathbb{Z}. \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{gathered} $$
Here the convergence is pointwise.
-
(b)
$$ \begin{gathered} \frac{2}{m+1} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)} \bigr) +\sum_{k=1}^{m}\frac{2(m)_{k-1}}{k!} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r)} \bigr)B_{k}\bigl(\langle x\rangle \bigr)\\ \quad=\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m} \bigl(\langle x\rangle\bigr)\quad\textit{for } x\notin\mathbb{Z} \end{gathered} $$
and
$$ \begin{gathered} \frac{2}{m+1} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m+1}^{(r)} \bigr) +\sum_{k=2}^{m}\frac{2(m)_{k-1}}{k!} \bigl(\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r-1)}-\mathit{Ch}_{m-k+1}^{(r)} \bigr)B_{k}\bigl(\langle x\rangle \bigr)\\ \quad=\mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m} \bigl(\langle x\rangle\bigr)\quad\textit{for } x\in\mathbb{Z}, \end{gathered} $$where \(B_{k}(\langle x\rangle)\) is the Bernoulli function.
2 Proofs of Theorems 1-4
We are now in a position to prove our four theorems.
By analyzing definition (5), we have
Furthermore, we observe that
Letting \(x=0\) in the above equation leads to
Now, we assume that \(m,r\geq1\). \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is piecewise \(C^{\infty}\). Further, in view of (2), \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is continuous for those \((r,m)\) with \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}=0\), and is discontinuous with jump discontinuities at integers for those \((r,m)\) with \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}\neq0\). The Fourier series of \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) may be represented by
where
Replacing m by \(m-1\) in (9), we arrive at the following result:
Case 1
Let \(n\neq0\). Then we acquire that
Moreover, we observe that
Combining (11) with (10), we immediately derive the following equation:
Case 2
Let \(n=0\). Then we have
While that in (8) converges pointwise, the series in (7) converges uniformly. We assume that \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}=0\). Then we have \(D^{(r)}_{m}(1)=D^{(r)}_{m}\) for \(m\geq2\). As \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is piecewise \(C^{\infty }\) and continuous, the Fourier series of \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle )\) converges uniformly to \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) and
Note that (12) holds whether \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}=0\) or not. However, if \(D^{(r-1)}_{m-1}=0\), then
Therefore, we obtain the result in Theorem 1.
Assume next that \(D^{(r)}_{m-1}\neq0\). Then we have \(D^{(r)}_{m}(1)\neq D^{(r)}_{m}\) and hence \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is piecewise \(C^{\infty}\) and discontinuous with jump discontinuities at integers. Thus the Fourier series of \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) converges pointwise to \(D^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) for \(x\notin\mathbb{Z}\), and converges to \(\frac{1}{2} (D^{(r)}_{m}+D^{(r)}_{m}(1))=D^{(r)}_{m}+(m/2)D^{(r)}_{m-1}\) for \(x\in \mathbb{Z}\). Finally, we obtain the formulas in Theorem 2.
From now on we focus on definition (6). Then we can find
In other words,
Taking \(x=0\) in (13) yields
This equation means that
Assume that \(m\geq1\) and \(r\geq1\) \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is piecewise \(C^{\infty}\). In addition, \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is continuous for those \((r,m)\) with \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}=\mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m}\) and discontinuous with jump discontinuities at integers for those \((r,m)\) with \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\neq \mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m}\). The Fourier series of \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is
Here
By virtue of replacing m by \(m-1\) in (14), we can find
Case 1
Let \(n\neq0\). Then we acquire that
In addition, we observe that
Therefore, we can derive the following equation:
Here, we used the fact that
Indeed,
Accordingly, it follows that
Case 2
Let \(n=0\). Then we have
Assume first that \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(1)=\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\). Then we have \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(1)=\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\) for \(m\geq2\). \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x \rangle)\) is piecewise \(C^{\infty}\) and continuous. Hence the Fourier series of \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) converges uniformly to \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\), and
Consequently, it follows that
Thus the proof of Theorem 3 is complete.
Finally, assume that \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\neq \mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m}\). Then we have \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(1)\neq \mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}\) and hence \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) is piecewise \(C^{\infty}\) and discontinuous with jump discontinuities at integers. Thus the Fourier series of \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) converges pointwise to \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(\langle x\rangle)\) for \(x\notin\mathbb{Z}\), and converges to \(\frac{1}{2}(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}+\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{m}(1))=\mathit{Ch}^{(r-1)}_{m}\) for \(x\in \mathbb{Z}\). From the above considerations, the proof of Theorem 4 is complete.
3 Conclusions
In this paper, the author considered the Fourier series expansion of the higher-order Daehee functions \(D^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) and the higher-order Changhee functions \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) which are obtained by extending by periodicity of period 1 the higher-order Daehee polynomials \(D^{(r)}_{n}(x)\) and the higher-order Changhee polynomials \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(x)\) on \([0,1)\), respectively. The Fourier series are explicitly determined. Depending on whether \(D^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) and \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) are zero or not, the Fourier series of these functions converge uniformly or converge pointwise. In addition, the Fourier series of the higher-order Daehee functions \(D^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) and the higher-order Changhee functions \(\mathit{Ch}^{(r)}_{n}(\langle x\rangle)\) are expressed in terms of the Bernoulli functions \(B_{k}(\langle x\rangle)\). Thus we established the relations between these functions and Bernoulli functions.
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Acknowledgements
The author wishes to express his sincere gratitude to the referees for their valuable suggestions and comments. This work is supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M591379).
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Lim, D. Fourier series of higher-order Daehee and Changhee functions and their applications. J Inequal Appl 2017, 150 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-017-1427-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-017-1427-7