Abstract
By applying the weight functions and the idea of introduced parameters we give a new Hilbert-type integral inequality involving the upper limit functions and the beta and gamma functions. We consider equivalent statements of the best possible constant factor related to a few parameters. As applications, we obtain a corollary in the case of a nonhomogeneous kernel and some particular inequalities.
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1 Introduction
If \(0 < \sum_{m = 1}^{\infty} a_{m}^{2} < \infty\) and \(0 < \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} b_{n}^{2} < \infty\), then we have the following discrete Hilbert inequality with the best possible constant factor π ([1], Theorem 315):
Assuming that \(0 < \int_{0}^{\infty} f^{2}(x)\,dx < \infty\) and \(0 < \int_{0}^{\infty} g^{2}(y) \,dy < \infty\), we still have the following integral analogue of (1) ([1], Theorem 316):
where the constant factor π is the best possible. Inequalities (1) and (2) are playing an important role in analysis and its applications [2–13].
The following half-discrete Hilbert-type inequality was provided in 1934 ([1], Theorem 351): If \(K(x)\) (\(x > 0\)) is a decreasing function, \(p > 1\), \(\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1\), \(0 < \phi (s) = \int_{0}^{\infty} K(x)x^{s - 1} \,dx < \infty\), \(f(x) \ge 0\), and \(0 < \int_{0}^{\infty} f^{p} (x)\,dx < \infty\), then
In recent years, some new extensions of (3) were given by [14–19].
In 2006, using the Euler–Maclaurin summation formula, Krnic et al. [20] gave an extension of (1) with the kernel \(\frac{1}{(m + n)^{\lambda}}\) (\(0 < \lambda \le 14\)). In 2019, following [20], Adiyasuren et al. [21] considered an extension of (1) involving the partial sums. In 2016–2017, by applying the weight functions Hong [22, 23] considered some equivalent statements of the extensions of (1) and (2) with a few parameters. Some similar works were provided in [24–26].
In this paper, following [21, 22], by the use of the weight functions and the idea of introduced parameters, we give a new Hilbert-type integral inequality with the kernel \(\frac{1}{(x + y)^{\lambda}}\) (\(\lambda > 0\)) involving the upper limit functions and the beta and gamma functions. We consider the equivalent statements of the best possible constant factor related to a few parameters. As applications, we obtain a corollary in the case of nonhomogeneous kernel and some particular inequalities.
2 Some lemmas
In what follows, we assume that \(p > 1\), \(\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} = 1\), \(\lambda > 0\), \(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda + 1)\), \(f(x)\) and \(g(y)\) are nonnegative measurable functions in \(R_{ +} = (0,\infty )\), \(f(x) = o(e^{x})\), \(g(y) = o(e^{y})\) (\(x,y \to \infty \)), such that for any \(A = (0,a)\) (\(a > 0\)), \(f,g \in L^{1}(A)\), and the upper limit functions are defined by
satisfying
By the definition of the gamma function, for \(\lambda,x,y > 0\), the following expression holds:
Lemma 1
For \(t > 0\), we have the following expressions:
Proof
We find
If \(F(\infty ) =\mbox{constant}\), then \(\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{F(x)}{e^{tx}} = 0\), and (5) follows; if \(F(\infty ) = \infty\), in view of \(f(x) = o(e^{x})\) (\(x \to \infty \)), we find
and then (5) follows. In the same way, we have (6).
The lemma is proved. □
Lemma 2
For \(s > 0,\mu,\sigma \in (0,s)\), define the following weight functions:
We have the following expressions:
where \(B(u,v): = \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{t^{u - 1}}{(1 + t)^{u + v}} \,dt\) (\(u,v > 0\)) is the beta function satisfying
Proof
Setting \(u = \frac{t}{x}\), we find
namely, (9) follows. In the same way, we have (10).
The lemma is proved. □
Lemma 3
Suppose that \(s > 0,\mu,\sigma \in (0,s)\). We have the following inequality:
For \(\lambda > 0\), \(s = \lambda + 2( > 2)\), \(\lambda_{1} = \mu - 1 \in (0,\lambda + 1)\), \(\lambda_{2} = \sigma - 1 \in (0,\lambda + 1)\), by the substitution \(f(x) = F(x)\)and \(g(y) = G(y)\)in (11) we can reduce it to the following:
Proof
By Hölder’s inequality (see [27]) we obtain
Then by (9) and (10) we have (11).
By simplifications of (11) we have
If (14) keeps the form of equality, then, in view of the proof of (13), there exist constants A and B such that they are not all zero, satisfying for \(s = \lambda + 2\), \(\lambda_{1} = \mu - 1\), \(\lambda_{2} = \sigma - 1\),
Without loss of generality, we assume that \(A \ne 0\). Then for fixed \(y \in (0,\infty )\), we have
which contradicts the fact that
since for any \(\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} \in\mathbf{R}\), \(\int_{0}^{\infty} x^{ - 1 - (\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2})}\,dx = \infty\). Therefore inequality (12) follows.
The lemma is proved. □
3 Main results
Theorem 1
We have the following inequality:
In particular, for \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) (\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\)), we reduce it to the following inequality:
where the constant factor \(\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2})\)is the best possible.
Proof
Using (4), (5), and (6), we find
In view of (12), we have (15).
In the case of \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) (\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\)), we find
and then (16) follows.
For any \(0 < \varepsilon < \min \{ p\lambda_{1},q\lambda_{2}\}\), we set
We obtain that \(\tilde{f}(x) = o(e^{x})\), \(\tilde{g}(y) = o(e^{y})\) (\(x,y \to \infty \)), and \(\tilde{F}(x) = \tilde{G}(y) \equiv 0\) (\(0 < x,y \le 1\)), where
If there exists a positive constant M (\(M \le \lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2})\)) such that (16) is valid when replacing \(\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2})\) by M, then, in particular, by substitution of \(f(x) = \tilde{f}(x)\) and \(g(y) = \tilde{g}(y)\) we have
We find
In view of the Fubini theorem (see [28]), it follows that
So we obtain
As \(\varepsilon \to 0^{ +} \) in this inequality, in view of the continuity of the beta function, we find \(B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2}) \le \frac{M}{\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}}\), namely \(\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2}) \le M\). Hence \(M = \lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2})\) is the best possible constant factor of (14).
The theorem is proved. □
Remark 1
We set \(\hat{\lambda}_{1}: = \lambda_{1} + \frac{\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2}}{p}\), \(\hat{\lambda}_{2}: = \lambda_{2} + \frac{\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2}}{q}\). It follows that \(\hat{\lambda}_{1} + \hat{\lambda}_{2} = \lambda\). For \(\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2}\ \in ( - p\lambda_{1},p(\lambda - \lambda_{1}))\), we find
namely, \(0 < \hat{\lambda}_{1} < \lambda\), and then \(0 < \hat{\lambda}_{2} < \lambda\). So we reduce (15) as follows:
Theorem 2
If \(\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} \in ( - p\lambda_{1},p(\lambda - \lambda_{1}))\)and the constant factor
in (18) is the best possible, then \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\)with \(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\).
Proof
As regards to the assumptions, we find \(0 < \hat{\lambda}_{1},\hat{\lambda}_{2} < \lambda\). By (16) the unified best possible constant factor in (18) must be of the form
namely, it follows that
By Hölder’s inequality (see [27]) we obtain
We observe that (19) becomes equality if and only if there exist constants A and B such that they are not all zero and
(see [26]). Without loss of generality, we suppose \(A \ne 0\). It follows that \(u^{\lambda - \lambda_{2} - \lambda_{1}} = \frac{B}{A}\) a.e. in \(R_{ +} \), namely, \(\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} = 0\), and then \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) with \(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\).
The theorem is proved. □
Theorem 3
The following statements are equivalent:
- (i)
\(B^{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda_{2} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{2})B^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{1})\)is independent ofp, q;
- (ii)
\(B^{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda_{2} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{2})B^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{1})\)is expressible as a single integral;
- (iii)
If \(\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} \in ( - p\lambda_{1},p(\lambda - \lambda_{1}))\), then \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) (\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\));
- (iv)
The constant factor
$$\frac{\varGamma (\lambda + 2)}{\varGamma (\lambda )}B^{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda_{2} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{2})B^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{1}) $$in (15) is the best possible.
Proof
(i) ⇒ (ii). Since \(B^{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda_{2} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{2})B^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{1})\) is independent of p, q, we find
which is a single integral.
(ii) ⇒ (iii). Suppose that \(B^{\frac{1}{p}}(\lambda_{2} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{2})B^{\frac{1}{q}}(\lambda_{1} + 1,\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{1})\) is expressible as a single integral \(\int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(1 + u)^{\lambda + 2}}u^{\frac{\lambda + 1 - \lambda_{2}}{p} + \frac{\lambda_{1} + 1}{q} - 1}\,du\). Then (19) keeps the form of equality. By the proof of Theorem 2 we have \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) (\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\)).
(iii) ⇒ (iv). If \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) (\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\)), then by Theorem 1 the constant factor
in (13) is the best possible.
(iv) ⇒ (i). In this case, by Theorem 2 we have \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\), and
is independent of p, q.
Hence statements (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are equivalent.
The theorem is proved. □
Remark 2
If \(\mu + \sigma = s\) (\(\mu,\sigma \in (0,s)\)), then inequality (11) reduces to
We confirm that the constant factor \(B(\mu,\sigma )\) in (20) is the best possible. Otherwise, we would reach a contradiction by (17) that the constant factor in (16) is not the best possible.
Replacing x by \(\frac{1}{x}\) and then \(x^{s - 2}f(\frac{1}{x})\) by \(f(x)\) in (20), we have the following Hardy–Hilbert’s integral inequality with a nonhomogeneous kernel and the best possible constant factor \(B(s - \sigma,\sigma )\):
4 A corollary and some particular cases
Replacing x by \(\frac{1}{x}\) in (15) and setting \(\hat{f}(x) = x^{\lambda - 2}f(\frac{1}{x})\), we define
Then replacing \(\hat{f}(x)\) by \(f(x)\), we have \(F_{\lambda} (x) = \int_{\frac{1}{x}}^{\infty} t^{ - \lambda} f(t)\,dt\) and the following Hilbert-type integral inequality with nonhomogeneous kernel:
which is equivalent to (15).
In view of Theorem 3, we have the following:
Corollary 1
Assuming that \(\lambda - \lambda_{1} - \lambda_{2} \in ( - p\lambda_{1},p(\lambda - \lambda_{1}))\), the constant factor
in (22) is the best possible if and only if \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\) (\(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2} \in (0,\lambda )\)).
In the case of \(\lambda_{1} + \lambda_{2} = \lambda\), (22) reduces to the following Hilbert-type integral inequality with nonhomogeneous kernel and the best possible constant factor \(\lambda_{1}\lambda_{2}B(\lambda_{1},\lambda_{2})\):
which is equivalent to (16).
Remark 3
In (16) and (23), for \(\lambda_{1} = \frac{\lambda}{ q}\), \(\lambda_{2} = \frac{\lambda}{p}\), we have the following equivalent inequalities:
and for \(\lambda_{1} = \frac{\lambda}{p}\), \(\lambda_{2} = \frac{\lambda}{q}\), we have the following equivalent inequalities:
In particular, for \(p = q = 2\), both inequalities (24) and (26) reduce to
and both (25) and (27) reduce to the following equivalent form of (25):
The constant factors in the inequalities of Remark 3 are the best possible.
5 Conclusions
In this paper, following [21, 22], using the weight functions and the idea of introduced parameters, we give a new Hilbert-type integral inequality with the kernel \(\frac{1}{(x + y)^{\lambda}}\) (\(\lambda > 0\)) involving the upper limit functions and the beta and gamma functions (Theorem 1). The preliminaries and the equivalent statements of the best possible constant factor related to a few parameters are considered in Theorems 2 and 3. As applications, we obtain a corollary in the case of nonhomogeneous kernel and some particular inequalities (Corollary 1 and Remark 3). The lemmas and theorems provide an extensive account of inequalities of this type.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the referee for his useful proposal to reform the paper.
Funding
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (No. 61772140), Natural Science Foundation of Jishou University (No. Jd16012), and Science and Technology Planning Project Item of Guangzhou City (No. 201707010229). We are grateful for their help.
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BY carried out the mathematical studies, participated in the sequence alignment, and drafted the manuscript. HM participated in the design of the study and performed the numerical analysis. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Mo, H., Yang, B. On a new Hilbert-type integral inequality involving the upper limit functions. J Inequal Appl 2020, 5 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-019-2280-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-019-2280-7