Abstract
In the article, we present several new monotonicity properties and bounds involving the generalized Grötzsch ring functions \(\mu _{a,b}\) in the theory of Ramanujan’s generalized modular equation for \(0< a, b<1\). Our results are the variants and extensions of some previously known results.
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1 Introduction
Given \(x\in (-1,1)\) and real numbers a, b, and c with \(c\neq 0,-1,-2,\ldots \) , the Gaussian hypergeometric function \(F(a,b;c;x)\) [1–18] is defined by
where \((a,0)=1\) for \(a\neq 0\) and \((a, n)=a(a+1)(a+2)\cdots (a+n-1)\) for \(n=1,2,\ldots \) . \(F(a,b;c;x)\) is said to be zero-balanced if \(c=a+b\). If \(x\rightarrow 1\), then the following asymptotic formulas
can be found in the literature [19, Theorems 1.19 and 1.48], where \(\varGamma (x)=\int _{0}^{\infty }t^{x-1}e^{-t}\,dt\) [20–26] and \(B(p,q)=[\varGamma (p)\varGamma (q)]/\varGamma (p+q)\) [27–30] are respectively the classical Euler gamma and beta functions, and
and
is the Euler–Mascheroni constant [31–33].
Ramanujan’s generalized modular equation with order (or degree) \(p>0\) is given by
It is well known that equation (1.3) has a unique solution for s if \(a,b,c>0\) with \(a+b\geq c\) [34, Lemma 4.5].
The two-parameter generalized Grötzsch ring function is defined by
if \(a+b\geq 1\).
Our interest is to focus on \(c=(a+b+1)/2\), which makes the derivative formula of the two-parameter generalized Grötzsch ring function defined by (1.4) simpler.
Let \(0< a,b<1\) with \(a+b\geq 1\) and \(r\in (0,1)\). Then the two-parameter generalized elliptic integrals of first and second kinds [34, (1.6)–(1.8)] are defined by
where and in what follows \(r'=\sqrt{1-r^{2}}\). Moreover, it follows from (1.2) that
In this paper, we study the two-parameter generalized Grötzsch ring function \(\mu _{a,b}(r)\) for \(a,b\in (0,1)\), as well as the related functions \(\mathcal{K}_{a,b}\), \(\mathcal{E}_{a,b}\), and
The so-called Legendre \(\mathcal{M}\)-function introduced in [35] can be used to study the derivative of \(m_{a,b}(r)\) and satisfies the formula
for \(r\in (0,1)\). Furthermore, \(\mathcal{M}(r)\) can be rewritten as
and \(\mathcal{M}(r)\) becomes a constant if and only if \(a+b=1\), in which case \(\mathcal{M}(r^{2})\) degenerates to be the generalized Legendre relation.
In the case of \(a+b=1\), these functions coincide with the special functions \(\mu _{a}(r)\), \(\mathcal{K}_{a}(r)\), \(\mathcal{E}_{a}(r)\), and \(m_{a}(r)\), respectively, which were studied in [36–49]. In particular, if \(a=b=1/2\), then these functions reduce to the classical cases denoted by \(\mu (r)\), \(\mathcal{K}(r)\), \(\mathcal{E}(r)\), and \(m(r)\), which appeared frequently in the geometric function theory and number theory [50–69].
The main purpose of the article is to find the sub-regions of \(\{(a, b)\in {\mathbb{R}}^{2}|0< a, b<1, a+b>1\}\) such that certain quotient functions involving \(\mu _{a,b}(r)\), \(\mathcal{K}_{a,b}(r)\), \(\mathcal{E}_{a,b}(r)\), and \(m_{a,b}(r)\) are monotonic on their corresponding sub-regions. As a consequence, several new bounds for \(\mu _{a,b}(r)\) and \(m_{a,b}(r)\) are discovered, which are the variants and extensions of the results given in [42, Theorems 1.1 and 1.2] for the case of zero-balanced.
2 Notations, formulas, and lemmas
In order to prove our main results, we need several derivative formulas and lemmas, which we present in this section.
2.1 Notations
Throughout the article, we denote \(B(a, b)\) by B if no risk for confusion. Let
For the convenience of readers, we also introduce three sub-regions \(\varOmega _{1}\), \(\varOmega _{2}\), and \(\varOmega _{3}\) of \(\{(a, b)\in {\mathbb{R}}^{2}| 0< a, b<1\}\), which are illustrated in Fig. 1.
2.2 Formulas
Let \(r\in (0,1)\) and \(0< a,b<1\) with \(a+b>1\). Then the following derivative formulas
can be found in [34, Theorem 4.15].
Note that Theorem 1.19(9) of [19] gives the derivative formula
for \(\mu _{a,b}(r)\) if \(d=c=(a+b+1)/2\).
From (1.7), (1.9), (1.10), and (2.1) we clearly see that
2.3 Lemmas
Lemma 2.1
([70, Theorem 2.1])
Suppose that the power series\(f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}x^{n}\)and\(g(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty }b_{n}x^{n}\)have the radius of convergence\(r>0\)with\(b_{n}>0\)for all\(n\in \{0,1,2,\ldots \}\). Let\(h(x)=f(x)/g(x)\)and\(H_{f,g}=(f'/g')g-f\). Then the following statements hold true:
- (1)
If the non-constant sequence\(\{a_{n}/b_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }\)is increasing (decreasing) for all\(n\geq 0\), then\(h(x)\)is strictly increasing (decreasing) on\((0,r)\);
- (2)
If there exists\(n_{0}>0\)such that the non-constant sequence\(\{a_{n}/b_{n}\}_{n=0}^{\infty }\)is increasing (decreasing) for\(0\leq n\leq n_{0}\)and decreasing (increasing) for\(n\geq n_{0}\), then\(h(x)\)is strictly increasing (decreasing) on\((0,r)\)if and only if\(H_{f,g}(r^{-})\geq (\leq ) 0\). Moreover, if\(H_{f,g}(r^{-})<(>) 0\), then there exists\(x_{0}\in (0,r)\)such that\(h(x)\)is strictly increasing (decreasing) on\((0,x_{0})\)and strictly decreasing (increasing) on\((x_{0},r)\).
Lemma 2.2
([19, Theorem 1.25])
Suppose that\(-\infty < a< b<\infty \), \(f, g:[a,b]\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\)are continuous on\([a, b]\)and differentiable on\((a,b)\), and\(g'(x)\neq 0\)on\((a,b)\). If\(f'(x)/g'(x)\)is increasing (decreasing) on\((a,b)\), then so are the functions
If\(f'(x)/g'(x)\)is strictly monotone, then the monotonicity in the conclusion is also strict.
Lemma 2.3
Let\(0< a,b<1\)with\(a+b>1\). Then the following assertions are valid:
- (i)
The function\((\mathcal{K}-\mathcal{E})/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})\)is strictly increasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((2b/(a+b+1),1)\);
- (ii)
The function\(r^{\prime a+b-1}\mathcal{K}\)has positive Maclaurin coefficients and maps\((0, 1)\)onto\((B/2, D)\);
- (iii)
The function\(r^{\prime p}\mathcal{K}\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((0,B/2)\)if\(p\geq 4ab/(a+b+1)\).
Proof
Items (i) and (ii) follow directly from [34, Lemma 4.22]. We only need to prove item (iii).
It follows from (2.1) that
Lemma 2.3(i) and (2.7) enable us to know that \(r^{\prime p}\mathcal{K}\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\) if \((2b-p)/(b-a+1)\leq 2b/(a+b+1)\), that is, \(p\geq 4ab/(a+b+1)\).
Note that
If \(p\geq 4ab/(a+b+1)\), then \(p+1-a-b\geq (a-b+1)(b-a+1)/(a+b+1)>0\). This in conjunction with (1.2) and (2.8) gives \(\lim_{r\rightarrow 1^{-}}r^{\prime p}\mathcal{K}=0\). □
In the following Lemma 2.4 we provide an asymptotic formula for \(\mathcal{K}\) as \(r\rightarrow 1\) in the case of \(a+b>1\), which is the analog for the zero-balanced hypergeometric function (1.2).
Lemma 2.4
Let\(0< a,b<1\)with\(a+b>1\). Then one has
as\(r\rightarrow 1\).
Proof
It follows from \(F(a,b;(a+b+1)/2;r)\) is asymptotic to \(2D(1-r)^{(1-a-b)/2}/B\) [19, Theorem 1.19(5)] as \(r\rightarrow 1\) for \(a+b>1\) and the derivative formula
given in [19, (1.16)] for the hypergeometric function together with (1.2), and L’Hôpital’s rule that
This completes the proof. □
Lemma 2.4 leads to Corollary 2.5 immediately.
Corollary 2.5
Let\(0< a,b<1\)and\(a+b>1\). Then
as\(r\rightarrow 0\).
Proof
By replacing r with \(1-r^{2}\) in Lemma 2.4, we clearly see that
By definition, it is easy to know that \((\mathcal{K}-B/2)/r\rightarrow 0\) as \(r\rightarrow 0\). This in conjunction with (2.10) and \(a+b<2\) yields
as \(r\rightarrow 0\). The second asymptotic formula can be proved by similar arguments. □
Lemma 2.6
Let\(0< a,b<1\)with\(a+b>1\). Then the following assertions are valid:
- (i)
If\(\kappa _{1}(a,b)\geq 0\), then\(\kappa _{5}(a,b)>0\)and\(a+b<3/2\);
- (ii)
\(\kappa _{4}(a,b)<\kappa _{3}(a,b)\);
- (iii)
If\(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\geq 0\)and\(a\leq b\), then\(3-3a-b>0\).
Proof
(i) We only need to prove that it is not possible for \(\kappa _{1}(a,b)\geq 0\) and \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\leq 0\). By calculations, the inequality \(\kappa _{1}(a,b)\geq 0\) is equivalent to \(0< a\leq 1/2\) and \(1-a< b<1\) or \(1/2< a<1\) and \(1-a< b\leq b_{1}(a)\), where \(b_{1}(a)=\frac{1}{4a} [-1 + 8 a - 2 a^{2}-\sqrt{1 - 24 a + 60 a^{2} - 32 a^{3} + 4 a^{4}} ]\) and \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\leq 0\) is equivalent to \(1/2<2(2-\sqrt{3})<a<1\) and \(b_{2}(a,b)\leq b<1\), where \(b_{2}(a)=-1 + 5 a - 2\sqrt{3(2a^{2}-a)}\).
It remains to show that \(b_{2}(a)>b_{1}(a)\) for \(2(2-\sqrt{3})< a<1\). A simple calculation leads to
if and only if
which is also equivalent to
for \(1/2< a<1\). On the other hand, as we know, \(\kappa _{1}(a,b)\) can be thought of as a quadratic function of b and the parabola opens up. It is easy to verify that \(\kappa _{1}(a,1-a)=2 (1 - 3 a + 3 a^{2})>0\) and \(\kappa _{1}(a,1)=-(2-a) (2a-1)<0\) for \(1/2< a<1\). Combining this with \(\kappa _{1}(a,3/2-a)=-5(1-a)(a-1/2)<0\) for \(1/2< a<1\), we conclude that \(3/2-a< b<1\) makes \(\kappa _{1}(a,b)\) negative. This completes the first assertion.
(ii) Observe that \(\kappa _{4}(a,b)-\kappa _{3}(a,b)=2(a+b+1)(a+b-1)\mathcal{Q}(b)\), where
is a quadratic function in terms of b. Since the parabola of \(\mathcal{Q}(b)\) opens up, it follows from \(\mathcal{Q}(1-a)=-6a(1-a)<0\) and \(\mathcal{Q}(1)=-a(3-a)<0\) that \(\mathcal{Q}(b)<0\) for \(0< a<1\) and \(1-a< b<1\). This in conjunction with (2.11) yields \(\kappa _{4}(a,b)<\kappa _{3}(a,b)\).
(iii) If the conclusion is not true, that is, \(3-3a-b\leq 0\), it follows that \(b\geq \max \{a,3(1-a)\}\). As we know, \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)=b^{2}-2(5a-1)b+(a+1)^{2}\) is a quadratic function of b. We divide the proof into two cases.
- Case 1::
\(a\geq 3(1-a)\). Then we clearly see that \(a\leq b<1\) and \(3/4\leq a<1\). Since the symmetric axis \(5a-1>1\), \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\) is strictly decreasing for \(a< b<1\). This gives \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\leq \kappa _{5}(a,a)=-[8(a-3/4)^{2}+8(a-3/4)+1/2]<0\), which is a contradiction.
- Case 2::
\(a<3(1-a)\). In other words, \(3(1-a)< b<1\) and \(2/3< a<3/4\). Similarly, the monotonicity of \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\) gives rise to \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\leq \kappa _{5}(a,3(1-a))=4(2a-1)(5a-4)<0\), which is also a contradiction.
□
Lemma 2.7
Let\(0< a,b<1\)with\(a+b>1\)and\(a+b+1\geq 4ab\), and\(\varphi (r)\)be defined by
Then\(\varphi (r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((0,\frac{(a+b-1)(a+b+1)}{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab} )\).
Proof
Let \(\varphi _{1}(r)=1/r^{\prime a+b-1}-1\) and \(\varphi _{2}(r)=B^{2}/ (4r^{\prime a+b+1}\mathcal{K}^{2} )-1\). Then \(\varphi (r)=\varphi _{1}(r)/\varphi _{2}(r)\) and \(\varphi _{1}(0)=\varphi _{2}(0)=0\). Combining this with Lemma 2.2, we clearly see that the monotonicity of \(\varphi (r)\) depends on \(\varphi '_{1}(r)/\varphi '_{2}(r)\), that is,
It follows from Lemma 2.3(i) that \((a+1-3b)+2(b-a+1)(\mathcal{K}-\mathcal{E})/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})\) is strictly increasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((\frac{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab}{a+b+1},3-a-b)\). Since \(a+b+1\geq 4ab\), Lemma 2.3(iii) leads to the conclusion that \(r'\mathcal{K}\) is strictly decreasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((0,B/2)\). This in conjunction with (2.12) implies that \(\varphi '_{1}(r)/\varphi '_{2}(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\).
On the other hand, it follows from L’Hôpital’s rule and (2.12) that
□
Lemma 2.8
Let\((a,b)\in \varOmega _{1}\)and\(f(r)\)be defined by
Then\(f(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((0,\frac{(a+b+1-4ab)B}{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab} )\).
Proof
Let \(f_{1}(r)=(1-2b)r^{2}\mathcal{K}+(b-a+1)(\mathcal{K}-\mathcal{E})\) and \(f_{2}(r)=B^{2}/ (4r^{\prime a+b+1}\mathcal{K}^{2} )-1\). Then we clearly see that \(f(r)=f_{1}(r)/f_{2}(r)\) and \(f_{1}(0)=f_{2}(0)=0\).
By calculations, one has
where
and
Let
Then \(\widehat{f}_{1}(r)/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})=\widehat{f}_{11}(r)+ \widehat{f}_{12}(r)\).
It follows from Lemma 2.3(i) and \(\sigma _{3}(a,b)>0\) that \(\widehat{f}_{11}(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\). For \((a,b)\in \varOmega _{1}\), namely \(0< a,b<1\), \(a+b>1\) and \(\kappa _{1}(a,b)\geq 0\), we clearly see from Lemma 2.6(i) that \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)=(a+b+1)^{2}-12ab>0\), \(a+b<3/2\), and then \(\sigma _{4}(a,b)>0\). This in conjunction with Lemma 2.3(i), (iii) implies that \(r^{\prime (a+b+1)/3}\mathcal{K}\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\) and
Lemma 2.3(i) and (2.15) enable us to know that \(\widehat{f}_{12}(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\). This gives the monotonicity of \(\widehat{f}_{1}(r)/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})\). So \(\widehat{f}_{1}(r)/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})>\sigma _{1}(a,b)+\sigma _{2}(a,b)- \sigma _{3}(a,b)-\sigma _{4}(a,b)=(2-a-b)(a+b-1)>0\). Moreover, it is easy to verify from Lemma 2.3(i) that \(\widehat{f}_{2}(r)/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})\) is strictly increasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((\frac{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab}{a+b+1},3-a-b)\). Combining with (2.14), the monotonicity of \(\widehat{f}_{1}(r)/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})\) and \(\widehat{f}_{2}(r)/(r^{2}\mathcal{K})\) leads to the conclusion that \(\widehat{f}(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\).
Therefore, the monotonicity of \(f(r)\) follows from Lemma 2.2 and (2.13) together with the monotonicity of \(r^{\prime (a+b+1)/3}\mathcal{K}\) and \(\widehat{f}(r)\).
To this end, by L’Hôpital’s rule and (2.13), (2.14),
□
Lemma 2.9
Let\((a,b)\in \varOmega _{2}\)and\(g(r)\)be defined by
Then\(g(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((0,\frac{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab}{4abB} )\).
Proof
Let \(g_{1}(r)=B^{2}/ (4r^{\prime a+b+1}\mathcal{K}^{2} )-1\) and \(g_{2}(r)= [2br^{2}\mathcal{K}+(a-b-1)(\mathcal{K}-\mathcal{E}) ]/r^{\prime 2}\). Then \(g(r)=g_{1}(r)/g_{2}(r)\) and \(g_{1}(0)=g_{2}(0)=0\).
By calculations, one has
where
and
By (2.2) and (2.9), we clearly see that
It follows from (1.2), (1.5), and (2.19) that
Combining with (2.17), (2.18), (2.20), and (2.21), we rewrite \(\widehat{g}_{1}(r)\) and \(\widehat{g}_{2}(r)\) in terms of power series:
where
We now claim that \(\widehat{g}_{1}(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\) and \(\widehat{g}_{2}(r)\) is strictly increasing on \((0,1)\); furthermore, \(\widehat{g}_{2}(r)\) has positive Maclaurin coefficients.
Lemma 2.1 and (2.22) enable us to know that the monotonicity of \(\widehat{g}_{1}(r)\) depends on the monotonicity of the following sequence:
$$ \{\alpha _{n}\}_{n\geq 0}= \biggl\{ \frac{(\frac{a-b+1}{2},n)(\frac{b-a+1}{2},n)}{(a,n)(b,n)}\xi _{a,b}(n) \biggr\} _{n\geq 0}. $$A simple calculation yields
$$ \frac{\alpha _{n+1}}{\alpha _{n}}= \frac{(1+b-a +2n ) (1+a-b+2n)\xi _{a,b}(n+1)}{4(b+n)(a+n)\xi _{a,b}(n)} \leq 1 $$if and only if
$$\begin{aligned} \Delta _{a,b}(n)={}&(1+b-a +2n ) (1+a-b+2n)\xi _{a,b}(n+1) \\ &{} -4(a+n) (b+n)\xi _{a,b}(n) \\ ={}& \frac{\widehat{\Delta }_{a,b}(n)}{(1 + a + b + 2 n) (3 + a + b + 2 n)} \leq 0, \end{aligned}$$(2.24)where
$$ \widehat{\Delta }_{a,b}(n)= \kappa _{2}(a,b)+4\kappa _{3}(a,b)n+4 \kappa _{4}(a,b)n^{2}-16 \bigl[(a+b)^{2}-1 \bigr]n^{3}. $$(2.25)For \((a,b)\in \varOmega _{2}\), namely \(0< a,b<1\), \(a+b>1\), \(\kappa _{2}(a,b)\leq 0\), \(\kappa _{3}(a,b)\leq 0\), and then \(\kappa _{4}(a,b)\leq 0\) by Lemma 2.6(ii). This in conjunction with (2.24) and (2.25) implies that the sequence \(\{\alpha _{n}\}_{n\geq 0}\) is decreasing. So the first assertion is valid.
We mention that the Pochhammer symbol \((a,-1)(b,-1)=\frac{1}{(a-1)(b-1)}>0\) for \(0< a,b<1\). It only needs to prove \(\zeta _{a,b}(n)>0\) for \(n\geq 0\) with \(0< a,b<1\) and \(a+b>1\).
Clearly, \(\zeta _{a,b}(0)=4 ab(1-a) (1-b)>0\) and \(\zeta _{a,b}(1)=4 a b (a + b + 2 a b-1)>0\). Moreover, \(\zeta _{a,b}'(n)\) is strictly increasing for \(n\geq 0\). This gives \(\zeta _{a,b}'(n)\geq \zeta _{a,b}'(1)=4q(b)\) for \(n\geq 1\), where \(q(b)=(a^{2}+3a+1)b^{2}+(3 a^{2}-a-1)b+a(a-1)\) is regarded as a quadratic function in terms of b and its parabola opens up.
Observe that
$$ -\frac{3 a^{2}-a-1}{2(a^{2}+3a+1)}-(1-a)=- \frac{a(1-a)(2a+3)+1}{2(a^{2}+3a+1)}< 0, $$that is to say, the symmetric axis of \(q(b)\) lies on the left side of the interval \([1-a,1]\). This in conjunction with \(q(1-a)=a^{2}(a-1)^{2}>0\) implies that \(q(b)>0\) for \(1-a< b<1\). So \(\zeta _{a,b}(n)\) is strictly increasing for \(n\geq 1\) and \(\zeta _{a,b}(n)\geq \zeta _{a,b}(1)>0\) for \(n\geq 1\). This completes the second assertion.
Therefore, \(\widehat{g}_{1}(r)/\widehat{g}_{2}(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\) follows from the above assertions together with \(\widehat{g}_{1}(r)>0\) and \(\widehat{g}_{2}(r)>0\). Combining this with (2.16), Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 2.3(ii), we conclude that \(g(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\).
It remains to compute two end values of \(g(r)\). By L’Hôpital’s rule and (2.16) together with Lemma 2.3(i), (ii),
□
Lemma 2.10
Let\(0< a\leq b<1\)with\(a+b>1\)and\(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\geq 0\), and\(h(r)\)be defined by
Then\(h(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((\frac{a+b-1}{3-a-b},\frac{2b(3-a-b)}{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab} )\).
Proof
We denote by \(h_{1}(r)=2b-[2(a+b-1)+(3-3a-b)r^{2}](\mathcal{K}-\mathcal{E})/(r^{2} \mathcal{K})\) and \(h_{2}(r)=(a-3b+1)+2(b-a+1)(\mathcal{K}-\mathcal{E})/(r^{2} \mathcal{K})\).
If \(0< a\leq b<1\), \(a+b>1\), and \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)\geq 0\), then \(3-3a-b>0\) follows from Lemma 2.6(iii). Combining this with Lemma 2.3(i), we conclude that \(h_{1}(r)\) is strictly decreasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((a+b-1,\frac{2b(3-a-b)}{a+b+1} )\) and \(h_{2}(r)\) is strictly increasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((\frac{1+2a+2b+a^{2}+b^{2}-6ab}{a+b+1},3-a-b )\). This gives the monotonicity of \(h(r)=h_{1}(r)/h_{2}(r)\) together with two limiting values \(h(0^{+})\) and \(h(1^{-})\). □
3 Main results
Theorem 3.1
Let\((a,b)\in \varOmega _{1}\)and\(F(r)\)be defined on\((0,1)\)by
Then\(F(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((1,L_{0})\), where
In particular, the double inequality
holds for\(r\in (0,1)\).
Proof
Let \(F_{1}(r)=Dr^{1-a-b}+E-m_{a,b}(r)\) and \(F_{2}(r)=Dr^{1-a-b}+E-\mu _{a,b}(r)\). Clearly, \(F(r)=F_{1}(r)/F_{2}(r)\) and \(F_{1}(0^{+})=F_{2}(0^{+})=0\) follow from Corollary 2.5.
By calculations, one has
where \(\varphi (r)\) and \(f(r)\) are defined as in Lemma 2.7 and Lemma 2.8, respectively.
Since \(r^{a+b-1}\mathcal{K}'\) can be regarded as the composition of \(x^{\prime a+b-1}\mathcal{K}(x)\) and \(x=r'=\sqrt{1-r^{2}}\), Lemma 2.3(ii) enables us to know that \(r^{a+b-1}\mathcal{K}'\) is strictly decreasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((B/2,D)\). This in conjunction with (3.1) together with Lemma 2.2, Lemma 2.7, and Lemma 2.8 gives rise to the monotonicity of \(F(r)\) and also, by L’Hôpital’s rule and (3.1),
and \(F(1^{-})=1\) follows directly from \(m_{a,b}(1^{-})=\mu _{a,b}(1^{-})=0\). □
Corollary 3.2
Let\((a,b)\in \varOmega _{1}\)and\(\widehat{F}(r)\)be defined on\((0, 1)\)by
Then\(\widehat{F}(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((0,1)\).
Proof
Let \(\widehat{F}_{1}(r)=m_{a,b}(r)-D(r^{1-a-b}-1)\) and \(\widehat{F}_{2}(r)=\mu _{a,b}(r)-D(r^{1-a-b}-1)\). Then \(\widehat{F}(r)=\widehat{F}_{1}(r)/\widehat{F}_{2}(r)\) and \(\widehat{F}_{1}(1^{-})=\widehat{F}_{2}(1^{-})=0\).
Since \(\widehat{F}'_{1}(r)/\widehat{F}'_{2}(r)=F'_{1}(r)/F'_{2}(r)\), Lemma 2.2 enables us to know the monotonicity of \(\widehat{F}(r)\) depends on that of \(F'_{1}(r)/F'_{2}(r)\), which follows from Theorem 3.1. It only remains to compute two limiting values \(\widehat{F}(0^{+})\) and \(\widehat{F}(1^{-})\).
By Corollary 2.5, it is easy to see that \(\widehat{F}(0^{+})=(D+E)/(D+E)=1\). By L’Hôpital’s rule and (3.1) together with Lemma 2.7, Lemma 2.8,
□
Theorem 3.3
Let\((a,b)\in \varOmega _{2}\)and\(G(r)\)be defined on\((0,1)\)by
Then\(G(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((0,\infty )\).
Proof
We denote \(G_{1}(r)=Dr^{1-a-b}+E-\mu _{a,b}(r)\) and \(G_{2}(r)=\mathcal{K}-B/2\). Then we clearly see that \(G(r)=G_{1}(r)/G_{2}(r)\) and \(G_{1}(0^{+})=G_{2}(0^{+})=0\).
By taking the derivative of \(G_{1}(r)\) and \(G_{2}(r)\), one has
where \(g(r)\) is defined as in Lemma 2.9.
Therefore, the monotonicity of \(G(r)\) follows from Lemma 2.9 and that of \(1/r^{a+b-1}\).
To this end, by L’Hôpital’s rule and (3.2),
□
Theorem 3.4
Let\((a,b)\in \varOmega _{3}\)and\(H(r)\)be defined on\((0, 1)\)by
Then\(H(r)\)is strictly decreasing from\((0,1)\)onto\((L_{1},L_{2})\), where
As a consequence, the double inequality
holds for\(r\in (0,1)\).
Proof
Since \(H(r)\) is symmetric with respect to a, b, we may assume that \(0< a\leq b<1\). Let \(H_{1}(r)=r^{1-a-b}(B/2-\mathcal{E})\) and \(H_{2}(r)=Dr^{1-a-b}+E-\mu _{a,b}(r)\). Then we clearly see from Corollary 2.5 and \(a+b<2\) that \(H_{1}(r)=H_{1}(r)/H_{2}(r)\) and \(H_{1}(0^{+})=H_{2}(0^{+})=0\).
Moreover,
and
where \(h(r)\) is defined as in Lemma 2.10.
If \((a,b)\in \varOmega _{3}\), in other words, \(0< a\leq b<1\), \(a+b>1\), and \(\kappa _{5}(a,b)=(a+b+1)^{2}-12ab\geq 0\), then it follows from Lemma 2.3(iii) and Lemma 2.10 that \(r^{\prime \frac{a+b+1}{3}}\mathcal{K}\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\) and \(h(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\). This in conjunction with (3.3), (3.4), and Lemma 2.2 implies that \(H(r)\) is strictly decreasing on \((0,1)\). By L’Hôpital’s rule together with Lemma 2.10 and (3.3), (3.4),
and \(H(1^{-})=L_{2}\) follows easily from \(\mu _{a,b}(1^{-})=0\). □
Open Problem
What is the sub-region of \(\{(a,b)\in \mathbb{R}^{2}| 0< a,b<1\}\) such that the function
is strictly decreasing from \((0,1)\) onto \((0,L_{3})\), where
4 Consequences and discussion
In the article, we study the monotonicity of the functions \(F(r)\), \(G(r)\), and \(H(r)\) related to generalized Grötzsch ring function and generalized elliptic integrals, where \(F(r)\), \(G(r)\), and \(H(r)\) are explicitly given by
and
5 Conclusion
In the article, we have found the sub-regions of \(\{(a, b)\in {\mathbb{R}}^{2}| 0< a, b<1, a+b>1\}\) such that several quotient functions involving \(\mu _{a,b}(r)\), \(\mathcal{K}_{a,b}(r)\), \(\mathcal{E}_{a,b}(r)\), and \(m_{a,b}(r)\) are monotonic on their corresponding sub-regions, and established several inequalities for \(\mu _{a,b}(r)\) and \(m_{a,b}(r)\). Our results are the variants and extensions of the previous results of [42, Theorems 1.1 and 1.2] in the case of zero-balanced.
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11971142, 11871202) and the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. LY19A010012).
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Hai, GJ., Zhao, TH. Monotonicity properties and bounds involving the two-parameter generalized Grötzsch ring function. J Inequal Appl 2020, 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-020-02327-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-020-02327-7