Abstract
In this paper, we present some new Cauchy–Schwarz inequalities for N-tuple diamond-alpha integral on time scales. The obtained results improve and generalize some Cauchy–Schwarz type inequalities given by many authors.
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1 Introduction
To unify discrete and continuous analysis and generalize the discrete and continuous theories to cases “in between”, Stefan Hilger in [1] initiated the notions of a time scale and a delta derivative of a function defined on the time scale. The author then presented the calculus on time scales. If the time scale is an interval, the calculus is reduced to the classical calculus; if the time scale is discrete, the calculus is reduced to the calculus of finite differences. Since then, research in the area of the theory of time scales introduced by Stefan Hilger has exceeded by far a thousand publications, and numerous applications to all branches of science, such as operations research, engineering, economics, physics, finance, statistics, and biology, have been proposed. For more details on time scales theory, the interested readers may consult [2–12] and the references therein.
As we all know, inequality plays a very important and basic role in all mathematic areas, and it is also an indispensable and basic tool in engineering technology (see [13–27]). The classic Cauchy–Schwarz inequality is an important cornerstone in some branches of mathematic areas. It is also a bridge to help solve problems into depth. In [28], Agarwal et al. first gave the following Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for Δ-integral on time scale.
Theorem A
Let \(\mathbb{T}\)be a time scale, \(t_{1},t_{2}\in\mathbb{T}\)with \(t_{1}< t_{2}\), and let \(s, t\in C_{rd}([t_{1}, t_{2}], \mathbb{R})\). Then
Later, Wong et al. [29] presented the extension of inequality (1).
Theorem B
Let \(\mathbb{T}\)be a time scale, \(t_{1},t_{2}\in\mathbb{T}\)and \(t_{1}< t_{2}\), and let \(s, t, \lambda\in C_{rd}([t_{1}, t_{2}], \mathbb {R})\). Then
In 2008, Özkan et al. [30] introduced the time scale versions of (1) for the ∇-integral and \(\diamond_{\alpha }\)-integral, respectively.
Theorem C
Let \(\mathbb{T}\)be a time scale, \(t_{1},t_{2}\in\mathbb{T}\)and \(t_{1}< t_{2}\), and let \(s, t, \lambda\in C_{ld}([t_{1}, t_{2}], \mathbb {R})\). Then
Theorem D
Let \(\mathbb{T}\)be a time scale, \(t_{1},t_{2}\in\mathbb{T}\)with \(t_{1}< t_{2}\), and let \(s, t, \lambda: [t_{1}, t_{2}]\rightarrow\mathbb {R}\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions. Then
Remark 1.1
Taking \(\alpha=0\) in Theorem D, inequality (3) is reduced to inequality (2). Taking \(\alpha=1\) in Theorem D, inequality (3) is reduced to inequality (1).
In 2018, Tian [3] gave the triple diamond-alpha integral and proved that the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality holds for the triple diamond-alpha integral on the time scale.
Theorem E
Let \(\lambda(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}), s(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}), t(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}): [a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb {T}}^{3}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions with \(\lambda(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})\geq0\). Then
In 2019, Tian et al. [4] introduced the notion of n-tuple diamond-alpha integral for a function of n variables and established the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for n-tuple diamond-alpha integral as follows.
Theorem F
Let \(\lambda(\mathbf{x}), s(\mathbf{x}), t(\mathbf{x}): [a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions with \(\lambda (\mathbf{x})\geq0\). Then
where \(\mathbf{x}=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})\).
Moreover, Yeh et al. in [31] presented some interesting complements of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality via delta integral. Motivated by the above results, in the paper, by using methods similar to that in [31], we shall give some new variants, generalizations, and refinements of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for n-tuple diamond-alpha integral on time scales.
2 Main results
Throughout the paper, we use \(\mathbb{T}\) to denote a time scale, denote \(\mathbf{x}=(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots,x_{n})\), \([a_{i},b_{i}]^{n}_{\mathbb{T}}= [a_{1},b_{1}]\times[a_{2},b_{2}]\times\cdots\times[a_{n},b_{n}]\), where \(x_{i}, a_{i}, b_{i}\in\mathbb{T}\) with \(a_{i}< b_{i}\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,n\).
Proposition 2.1
([4])
Let \(s(\mathbf{x})\), \(t(\mathbf{x})\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions on \([a_{i}, b_{i}]^{n}_{\mathbb{T}}\) (\(i=1,2,\ldots,n\)).
- (P1)
If \(s(\mathbf{x})\geq0\)for \(\mathbf{x}\in[a_{i}, b_{i}]^{n}_{\mathbb {T}}\), then
$$\int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}}s(\mathbf{x})\diamond _{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n}\geq0. $$ - (P2)
If \(s(\mathbf{x})\leq t(\mathbf{x})\)for \(\mathbf{x}\in[a_{i}, b_{i}]^{n}_{\mathbb{T}}\), then
$$\begin{aligned} \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}}s(\mathbf{x})\diamond _{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \leq \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}}t(\mathbf{x})\diamond _{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n}. \end{aligned}$$ - (P3)
If \(f(\mathbf{x})\geq0\)for \(\mathbf{x}\in[a_{i}, b_{i}]^{n}_{\mathbb {T}}\), then \(s(\mathbf{x})=0\)if and only if
$$\int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}}s(\mathbf{x})\diamond _{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n}=0. $$
Lemma 2.2
((AG inequality) [32])
Let \(r_{i}>0\) (\(i=1,2,\ldots,n\)), and let \(\theta_{1}, \theta_{2}, \ldots, \theta_{n}\in(1, +\infty)\)such that \(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac {1}{\theta_{i}}=1\). Then
Remark 2.3
The Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for n-tuple diamond-alpha integral has the following variants.
- (V1)
Let \(t(\mathbf{x})>0\), \(p,q\in\mathbb{N}^{+}\), and let \(s(\mathbf {x})\) and \(t(\mathbf{x})\) be replaced by \(s^{p}(\mathbf{x})/\sqrt {t^{q}(\mathbf{x})}\) and \(\sqrt{t^{q}(\mathbf{x})}\) in (4), respectively. Then
$$ \begin{aligned} & \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})s^{p}( \mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2} \\ &\quad\leq \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \frac{h(\mathbf{x})s^{2p}(\mathbf{x})}{ t^{q}(\mathbf{x})} \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\qquad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})t^{q}( \mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr). \end{aligned} $$ - (V2)
Let \(s(\mathbf{x})\) and \(t(\mathbf{x})\) be replaced by \((s^{2p}(\mathbf {x})+t^{2q}(\mathbf{x}))^{\frac{1}{2}}\) and \(s^{p}(\mathbf{\mathbf {x}})t^{q}(\mathbf{\mathbf{x}})/(s^{2p}(\mathbf{x}) +t^{2q}(\mathbf{x}))^{\frac{1}{2}}\) in (4), respectively, where \(p,q\in\mathbb{N}^{+}\). Then we get
$$ \begin{aligned} & \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})s^{p}( \mathbf{x})t^{q}(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots \diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2} \\ &\quad\leq \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x}) \bigl(s^{2p}(\mathbf{x})+t^{2q}(\mathbf{x})\bigr) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\qquad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}}\frac{ \lambda(\mathbf{x}) s^{2p}(\mathbf{x})t^{2q}(\mathbf{x})}{ s^{2p}(\mathbf{x})+t^{2q}(\mathbf{x})} \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) . \end{aligned} $$ - (V3)
Let \(s(\mathbf{x})\) and \(t(\mathbf{x})\) be replaced by \(\sqrt {t^{q}(\mathbf{x})/s^{p}(\mathbf{x})}\) and \(\sqrt{s^{p}(\mathbf{x})t^{q}(\mathbf {x})}\) in (4), respectively, where \(s^{p}(\mathbf{x})t^{q}(\mathbf {x})\geq0\), \(s(\mathbf{x})\neq0\), and \(p,q\in\mathbb{N}^{+}\). Then we get
$$ \begin{aligned} & \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})t^{q}( \mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2} \\ &\quad\leq \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \frac{\lambda(\mathbf{x})t^{q}(\mathbf{x})}{ s^{p}(\mathbf{x})} \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\qquad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})s^{p}( \mathbf{x})t^{q}(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots \diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr). \end{aligned} $$
Theorem 2.4
Let \(\lambda(\mathbf{x}), s(\mathbf{x}), t(\mathbf{x}):[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions with \({\lambda (\mathbf{x})}\geq0\), and let there be constants \(m,M, h, H\in\mathbb {R}\)such that
Then
Specially, if \(Mm>0\), \(Hh>0\), then
Proof
It is easy to find from (6) that
Then
From (9) and Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (4), we find that (7) holds.
Moreover, from \(mM>0\), \(hH>0\), and
we have
Therefore, by using (11) and (7), we find that (8) is valid. The proof of Theorem 2.10 is completed. □
Remark 2.5
Obviously, inequality (8) extends the result in [33].
Remark 2.6
Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.4, and letting \(mM>0\), \(hH>0\), \(0< q\leq p<1\), and \(p+q=1\), from the AG inequality (5) and (7) we have
which implies that
Letting \(p\rightarrow1^{-}\) on the both sides of inequality (12), we find
Letting \(p\rightarrow0^{+}\) on the both sides of inequality (12), we find
Remark 2.7
Let \(S(\mathbf{x}):[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow(0,+\infty)\) be a \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable function. If \(s(\mathbf{x}) = S^{\frac {-1}{2}}(\mathbf{x})\), \(t(\mathbf{x})= S^{\frac{1}{2}}(\mathbf{x})\), then inequality (7) reduces to
which generalizes the result in [34].
Remark 2.8
Letting \(\lambda(\mathbf{x})=1\) in (8), then inequality (8) reduces to
which extends Pólya and Szegö’s result [35].
Remark 2.9
Let \(S(\mathbf{x}):[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow(0,+\infty)\) be a \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable function. If \(s(\mathbf{x})= S^{\frac {-1}{2}}(\mathbf{x})\), \(t(\mathbf{x})= S^{\frac{1}{2}}(\mathbf{x})\), then inequality (8) reduces to
which extends some results in [36, 37].
Remark 2.10
Letting \(h=H=1\) in (8), inequality (8) reduces to
Moreover, if \(mM>0\), then
The above inequalities (14) and (15) extend some results in [31].
Theorem 2.11
Let \(\lambda(\mathbf{x})\), \(s(\mathbf{x})\), \(t(\mathbf{x}):[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow [0, +\infty)\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions, let there be constants \(h, H, m, M, p, q>0\)such that \(m\leq t(\mathbf{x})\leq M\), \(h\leq s(\mathbf{x})\leq H\), \(0< q\leq p<1\), and \(p+q=1\). Then
Proof
As \((pMs(\mathbf{x})-hqt(\mathbf{x}))(ms(\mathbf{x})-Ht(\mathbf{x}))\leq0\), we have
Then
By the AG inequality (5) and (17), we find
which implies (16) holds. □
Theorem 2.12
Let \(\lambda(\mathbf{x}), s(\mathbf{x}), t(\mathbf{x}):[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow [0, +\infty)\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions.
- (i)
If there are constants \(h,H,m,M\in\mathbb{R}\)such that \([Ht(\mathbf {x})-ms(\mathbf{y})][Ms(\mathbf{y})-ht(\mathbf{x})]\geq0\)for all \(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\in[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\), then
$$\begin{aligned} & (hm+HM ) \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})s(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond _{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\geq hH \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t^{2}( \mathbf{x})\diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad +mM \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})s^{2}( \mathbf{x})\diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr). \end{aligned}$$(18) - (ii)
If \(hH>0\), \(mM>0\)such that \([Ht(\mathbf{x})-ms(\mathbf{y})][Ms(\mathbf {y})-ht(\mathbf{x})]\geq0\)for all \(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\in [a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\), and if \(p, q>0\)such that \(\frac {1}{p}+\frac{1}{q}=1\), then
$$\begin{aligned} & (hm+HM ) \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf{x})s(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond _{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\geq \biggl[ \frac{hH}{p} \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda (\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t^{2}( \mathbf{x})\diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \biggr]^{p} \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl[ \frac{mM}{q} \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda (\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})s^{2}( \mathbf{x})\diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \biggr]^{q} . \end{aligned}$$(19) - (iii)
If \(mM>0\), \(hH>0\)such that \([Ht(\mathbf{x})-ms(\mathbf{x}) ] [Ms(\mathbf{x})-ht(\mathbf{x}) ]\geq0\), then
$$\begin{aligned} &(hm+HM) \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda (\mathbf{x})s(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad{}\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\geq hH \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2} \\ &\quad\quad{} +mM \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})s(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2}. \end{aligned}$$ - (iv)
If \(mM>0\), \(hH>0\)such that \([Ht(\mathbf{x})-ms(\mathbf{y})][Ms(\mathbf {y})-ht(\mathbf{x})]\geq0\)for all \(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\in [a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\), then
$$\begin{aligned} & (hm+HM) \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda (\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\quad{}\times \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})s(\mathbf{x})t( \mathbf{x})\diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha } x_{n} \biggr) \\ &\quad\geq hH \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})t(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2} \\ &\quad\quad{} +mM \biggl( \int_{a_{1}}^{b_{1}}\cdots \int_{a_{n}}^{b_{n}} \lambda(\mathbf {x})s(\mathbf{x}) \diamond_{\alpha} x_{1}\cdots\diamond_{\alpha} x_{n} \biggr)^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
Proof
Case (i). From the assumption we find that
which means that
Therefore
Case (ii). From AG inequality (5) and Case (i), it is easy to find that (19) holds.
Case (iii). From Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (4) we find that
and
Combining (7), (20), and (21), we have
The proof of Case (iii) is completed.
Case (iv). Combining (18), (20), and (21), we have
which implies that Case (iv) holds. □
Remark 2.13
From Case (i) of Theorem 2.12 we find that
Therefore, if \(hmHM>0\), we find
Similarly, from Case (iv) of Theorem 2.12 we have
By using methods similar to that in [31], we can prove the following theorem.
Theorem 2.14
Let \(\lambda(\mathbf{x}), s(\mathbf{x}), t(\mathbf{x}):[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\rightarrow [0,+\infty)\)be \(\diamond_{\alpha}\)-integrable functions.
Case (1).
Case (2). If there are constants \(h,H,m,M\in\mathbb{R}\)such that \([Ht(\mathbf{x})-ms(\mathbf{x}) ] [Ms(\mathbf{x})-ht(\mathbf{x}) ]\geq 0\), then
Case (3). If there are constants \(h,H,m,M\in\mathbb{R}\)such that \([Ht(\mathbf{x})-ms(\mathbf{y})][Ms(\mathbf{y})-ht(\mathbf{x})]\geq0\)for all \(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\in[a_{i},b_{i}]_{\mathbb{T}}^{n}\), then
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The authors gratefully acknowledge the anonymous referees for their constructive comments and advices on the earlier version for this paper.
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Hu, XM., Tian, JF., Chu, YM. et al. On Cauchy–Schwarz inequality for N-tuple diamond-alpha integral. J Inequal Appl 2020, 8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-020-2283-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-020-2283-4