Abstract
This paper deals with the third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation with a forced term
Using the Banach fixed point theorem, we prove the existence of uncountably many bounded positive solutions for the equation, suggest some Mann iterative schemes and obtain the error estimates between these bounded positive solutions and the sequences generated by the iterative schemes. Five nontrivial examples are also included.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction and preliminaries
In the past thirty years there has been much research activity concerning the oscillation, nonoscillation, asymptotic behavior and existence of solutions, nonoscillatory solutions and bounded positive solutions for various kinds of neutral delay difference equations, see, for example, [1–25] and the references therein. Jinfa [7] studied the existence of a bounded nonoscillatory solution for the second order neutral delay difference equation with positive and negative coefficients
under the condition \(p\neq-1\). Migda and Migda [17] got the asymptotic behavior of the second order neutral difference equation
Meng and Yan [16] discussed sufficient and necessary conditions of the existence of bounded nonoscillatory solutions for the second order nonlinear neutral difference equation
El-Morshedy [5] obtained the oscillation of the second order neutral difference equation with positive and negative coefficients
Tripathy [22] studied the second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
and deduced sufficient conditions under which every solution of Eq. (1.5) oscillates. Rath et al. [18] investigated the second order neutral delay difference equation
and found necessary conditions for every solution of Eq. (1.6) to oscillate or to tend to zero as \(n\to\infty\). Liu, Xu and Kang [12] considered the solvability for the second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
and provided the global existence of uncountably many bounded nonoscillatory solutions for Eq. (1.7) relative to all \(b\in\Bbb {R}\). Saker [19] studied the third order difference equation
and established a few sufficient conditions for all solutions to be oscillatory or tend to zero. Yan and Liu [23] provided the existence of a bounded nonoscillatory solution for the third order difference equation
and got a necessary and sufficient condition for Eq. (1.9) to have a bounded nonoscillatory solution \(\{x(n)\}_{n\geq n_{0}}\) with \(\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}x(n)=d\). Andruch-Sobilo and Migda [2] investigated the third order linear difference equation of neutral type
and proved sufficient conditions which ensure that all solutions of Eq. (1.10) are oscillatory.
The purpose of this paper is to study the below third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation with a forced term
where \(\tau,k\in\Bbb {N}\), \(n_{0}\in\Bbb {N}_{0}=\{0\}\cup\Bbb {N}\), \(\{a(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\), \(\{c(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) and \(\{d(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) are real sequences with \(a(n)\ne0\) for \(n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}\), \(\bigcup_{i=1}^{k}\{b_{i}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\subseteq\Bbb {Z}\) with \(\lim_{n\to \infty}(n-b_{i}(n))=+\infty\), \(1\leq i\leq k\) and \(f:\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}\times\Bbb {R}^{k}\rightarrow\Bbb {R}\) is a mapping. Using the Banach fixed point theorem, we prove several existence results of uncountably many bounded positive solutions for Eq. (1.11), suggest a few Mann iterative methods for these bounded positive solutions and discuss the error estimates between these bounded positive solutions and the iterative sequences generated by the Mann iterative methods. To illustrate our results, five examples are also constructed.
Throughout this paper, we assume that Δ denotes the forward difference operator defined by \(\Delta x(n)=x(n+1)-x(n)\), \(\Delta^{2}x(n)=\Delta(\Delta x(n))\), \(\Delta^{3}x(n)=\Delta(\Delta^{2} x(n))\), \(\Bbb {R}=(-\infty,+\infty)\), \(\Bbb {R}^{+}=[0,+\infty)\), \(\Bbb {Z}\) and \(\Bbb {N}\) stand for the sets of all integers and positive integers, respectively,
\(l_{\beta}^{\infty}\) stands for the Banach space of all bounded sequences on \(\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}\) with norm
and
By a solution of Eq. (1.11), we mean a sequence \(\{x(n)\}_{n\in \Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\) with a positive integer \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that Eq. (1.11) holds for all \(n\geq n_{1}\).
Lemma 1.1
([8])
Let \(\tau\in\Bbb {N}\), \(n_{0}\in \Bbb {N}_{0}\) and \(B:\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}\to\Bbb {R}^{+}\) be a mapping. Then
2 Existence of uncountably many bounded positive solutions and Mann iterative schemes
Now we use the Banach fixed point theorem to show the existence of uncountably many bounded positive solutions for Eq. (1.11), construct Mann iterative schemes and discuss the error estimates between the bounded positive solutions and the sequences generated by the Mann iterative schemes.
Theorem 2.1
Assume that there exist two positive constants M and N with \(M>N\) and two nonnegative sequences \(\{P(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) and \(\{Q(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) satisfying
Then
-
(a)
for any \(L\in(N,M)\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}=\{x_{0}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}=\{x_{m}(n)\}_{(n,m)\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}\times\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) generated by the scheme:
$$\begin{aligned}& x_{m+1}(n) \\& \quad =\textstyle\begin{cases} (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n)+ \alpha_{m} \{L+\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \sum_{t=n+(2i-1)\tau}^{n+2i\tau-1}\frac{1}{a(t)} \sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) )-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad n\ge n_{1}, m\ge0, \\ (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n_{1})+\alpha_{m} \{L+\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\sum_{t=n_{1}+(2i-1)\tau}^{n_{1}+2i\tau-1} \frac{1}{a(t)}\sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) )-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad \beta\le n< n_{1}, m\ge0 \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$(2.5)converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (1.11) and has the following error estimate:
$$\begin{aligned}& \Vert x_{m+1}-x\Vert \le e^{-(1- \theta)\sum_{k=0}^{m}\alpha_{k}}\Vert x_{0}-x \Vert ,\quad m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}, \end{aligned}$$(2.6)where \(\{\alpha_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) is an arbitrary sequence in \([0,1]\) such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \sum^{\infty}_{m=0}\alpha_{m} =+ \infty; \end{aligned}$$(2.7) -
(b)
Eq. (1.11) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\).
Proof
First of all we show (a). Let \(L\in(N,M)\). It follows from (2.1) and (2.4) that there exist \(\theta\in (0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) satisfying
Define a mapping \(T_{L}: A(N,M)\rightarrow l_{\beta}^{\infty}\) by
for each \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). In view of (2.2), (2.3) and (2.9)~(2.11), we conclude that for \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\), \(y=\{y(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\) and \(n\geq n_{1}\)
and
which imply that
Thus (2.12) ensures that \(T_{L}\) is a contraction mapping on the closed subset \(A(N ,M)\) and it has a unique fixed point \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). It follows that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
which yield that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
which gives that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
which implies that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
and
which together with (2.8) means that \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\) is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\).
It follows from (2.5), (2.8), (2.9), (2.11) and (2.12) that for any \(m\ge0\) and \(n\ge n_{1}\),
which gives that
That is, (2.6) holds. It follows from (2.6) and (2.7) that \(\lim_{m\to\infty}x_{m}=x\).
Next we show (b). Let \(L_{1},L_{2}\in(N,M)\) with \(L_{1}\neq L_{2}\). Similarly we infer that for each \(z\in\{1,2\}\), there exist constants \(\theta_{z}\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{z}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) and a mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) satisfying (2.9)~(2.11), where θ, L and \(n_{1}\) are replaced by \(\theta_{z}\), \(L_{z}\) and \(n_{z}\), respectively, and the contraction mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) has a unique fixed point \(x^{z}=\{x^{z}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), which is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\), that is,
which together with (2.2) and (2.9) yields that
which means that
that is, \(x^{1}\neq x^{2}\). Thus the set of bounded positive solutions of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\) is uncountable. This completes the proof. □
Theorem 2.2
Assume that there exist two positive constants M and N with \(M>N\) and two nonnegative sequences \(\{P(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) and \(\{Q(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) satisfying (2.2), (2.3) and
Then
-
(a)
for any \(L\in(N,M)\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}=\{x_{0}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}=\{x_{m}(n)\}_{(n,m)\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}\times\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) generated by the scheme:
$$\begin{aligned}& x_{m+1}(n) \\& \quad = \textstyle\begin{cases} (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n)+ \alpha_{m} \{L-\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \sum_{t=n+i\tau }^{\infty}\frac{1}{a(t)} \sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) )-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad n \ge n_{1}, m\ge0, \\ (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n_{1})+\alpha_{m} \{L-\sum_{i=1}^{\infty}\sum_{t=n_{1}+i\tau}^{\infty}\frac{1}{a(t)} \sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) )-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad \beta\le n< n_{1}, m\ge0 \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$(2.15)converges to a bounded positive solution \(x \in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (1.11) and satisfies the error estimate (2.6), where \(\{\alpha_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) is an arbitrary sequence in \([0,1]\) satisfying (2.7);
-
(b)
Eq. (1.11) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\).
Proof
First of all we show (a). Let \(L\in(N,M)\). It follows from (2.13), (2.14) and Lemma 1.1 that there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) satisfying
Define a mapping \(T_{L}: A(N,M)\rightarrow l_{\beta}^{\infty}\) by
for each \(x= \{x(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). On account of (2.2), (2.3) and (2.17)~(2.19), we derive that for each \(x= \{x(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}},y= \{y(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\) and \(n\geq n_{1}\)
and
which yield (2.12). Consequently \(T_{L}\) is a contraction mapping on the closed subset \(A(N,M)\) and it has a unique fixed point \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). It follows that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
which guarantee that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
and
which together with (2.16) implies that \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\) is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11).
It follows from (2.12), (2.15), (2.17) and (2.19) that for any \(m\ge0\) and \(n\ge n_{1}\),
which gives (2.6). Thus (2.6) and (2.7) guarantee that \(\lim_{m\to\infty}x_{m}=x\).
Next we show (b). Let \(L_{1},L_{2}\in(N,M)\) and \(L_{1}\neq L_{2}\). Analogously we deduce that for each \(z\in\{1,2\}\), there exist constants \(\theta_{z}\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{z}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) and a mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) satisfying (2.17)~(2.19), where θ, L and \(n_{1}\) are replaced by \(\theta_{z}\), \(L_{z}\) and \(n_{z}\), respectively, and the contraction mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) has a unique fixed point \(x^{z}=\{x^{z}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), which is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\), that is,
which together with (2.2) and (2.17) gives that
which yields that
that is, \(x^{1}\neq x^{2}\). Hence Eq. (1.11) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\). This completes the proof. □
Theorem 2.3
Assume that there exist positive constants M and N, nonnegative constants \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) and nonnegative sequences \(\{P(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) and \(\{Q(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) satisfying \((1-c_{1}-c_{2})M>N\), (2.2)~(2.4) and
Then
-
(a)
for any \(L\in (c_{2}M+N,(1-c_{1})M )\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}=\{x_{0}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}=\{x_{m}(n)\}_{(n,m)\in \Bbb {Z}_{\beta}\times\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) generated by the scheme:
$$\begin{aligned}& x_{m+1}(n) \\& \quad =\textstyle\begin{cases} (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n)+ \alpha_{m} \{L-c(n)x(n-\tau) \\ \quad {}+\sum_{t=n}^{\infty } \frac{1}{a(t)}\sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) )-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad n \ge n_{1}, m\ge0, \\ (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n_{1})+\alpha_{m} \{L-c(n_{1})x(n_{1}-\tau) \\ \quad {}+\sum_{t=n_{1}}^{\infty} \frac{1}{a(t)}\sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) )-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad \beta\le n< n_{1}, m\ge0 \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$(2.21)converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (1.11) and satisfies the error estimate (2.6), where \(\{\alpha_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) is an arbitrary sequence in \([0,1]\) satisfying (2.7);
-
(b)
Eq. (1.11) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\).
Proof
Let \(L\in (c_{2}M+N,(1-c_{1})M )\). It follows from (2.4) that there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) satisfying
Define a mapping \(T_{L}: A(N,M)\rightarrow l_{\beta}^{\infty}\) by
for \(x= \{x(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). Using (2.2), (2.3) and (2.22)~(2.25), we derive that for each \(x= \{x(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\), \(y= \{y(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\) and \(n\geq n_{1}\)
and
which imply (2.12). Hence \(T_{L}\) is a contraction mapping on the closed subset \(A(N,M)\) and it has a unique fixed point \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). That is,
which gives that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
which implies that for \(n\geq n_{1}+\tau\)
and
which means that \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\) is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\).
By means of (2.12), (2.21), (2.23) and (2.25), we conclude that for any \(m\ge0\) and \(n\ge n_{1}\)
which implies (2.6). Thus (2.6) and (2.7) ensure that \(\lim_{m\to\infty}x_{m}=x\).
Let \(L_{1},L_{2}\in (c_{2}M+N,(1-c_{1})M )\) and \(L_{1}\neq L_{2}\). Homoplastically we conclude that for each \(z\in\{1,2\}\), there exist constants \(\theta_{z}\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{z}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) and a mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) satisfying (2.22)~(2.25), where θ, L and \(n_{1}\) are replaced by \(\theta_{z}\), \(L_{z}\) and \(n_{z}\), respectively, and the contraction mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) has a unique fixed point \(x^{z}=\{x^{z}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\), which is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\), that is,
which together with (2.2), (2.22) and (2.23) yield that
which means that
that is, \(x^{1}\neq x^{2}\). This completes the proof. □
Theorem 2.4
Assume that there exist four constants M, N, \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) and two nonnegative sequences \(\{P(n)\}_{n\in \Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) and \(\{Q(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) satisfying \(M>N\), \(c_{2} (c_{1}^{2}-c_{2})M>c_{1} (c_{2}^{2}-c_{1})N>0\), (2.2)~(2.4) and
Then
-
(a)
for any \(L\in (\frac{c_{2}}{c_{1}}M+c_{2}N ,\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}N+c_{1}M )\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}=\{x_{0}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}=\{x_{m}(n)\}_{(n,m)\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}\times\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) generated by the scheme:
$$\begin{aligned}& x_{m+1}(n)=\textstyle\begin{cases} (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n)+ \alpha_{m} \{\frac{L}{c(n+\tau)}-\frac{x(n+\tau)}{c(n+\tau)} \\ \quad {}+\frac{1}{c(n+\tau)}\sum_{t=n+\tau}^{\infty} \frac{1}{a(t)}\sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots, x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) ) \\ \quad {}-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad n \ge n_{1}, m\ge0, \\ (1-\alpha_{m})x_{m}(n_{1})+\alpha_{m} \{\frac{L}{c(n_{1}+\tau)}-\frac {x(n_{1}+\tau)}{c(n_{1}+\tau)} \\ \quad {}+\frac{1}{c(n_{1}+\tau)}\sum_{t=n_{1}+\tau}^{\infty} \frac{1}{a(t)}\sum_{s=t}^{\infty}(s-t+1) \\ \quad {}\times [f (s,x_{m} (s-b_{1}(s) ),x_{m} (s-b_{2}(s) ),\ldots,x_{m} (s-b_{k}(s) ) ) \\ \quad {}-d(s) ] \}, \\ \quad \beta\le n< n_{1}, m\ge0 \end{cases}\displaystyle \end{aligned}$$(2.27)converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (1.11) and satisfies the error estimate (2.6), where \(\{\alpha_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) is an arbitrary sequence in \([0,1]\) satisfying (2.7);
-
(b)
Eq. (1.11) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\).
Proof
Let \(L\in (\frac{c_{2}}{c_{1}}M+c_{2}N ,\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}N+c_{1}M )\). Note that (2.4) and (2.26) imply that there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) satisfying
Define a mapping \(T_{L}: A(N,M)\rightarrow l_{\beta}^{\infty}\) by
for each \(x= \{x(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\). It follows from (2.2), (2.3) and (2.28)~(2.31) that for each \(x= \{x(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\), \(y= \{y(n) \}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\) and \(n\geq n_{1}\)
and
which yield (2.12), that is, \(T_{L}\) is a contraction mapping on the closed subset \(A(N,M)\) and it has a unique fixed point \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), which is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11).
It follows from (2.12), (2.27), (2.29) and (2.31) that for any \(m\ge0\) and \(n\ge n_{1}\),
which gives (2.6). Thus (2.6) and (2.7) guarantee that \(\lim_{m\to\infty}x_{m}=x\).
Let \(L_{1},L_{2}\in (\frac{c_{2}}{c_{1}}M+c_{2}N ,\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}N+c_{1}M )\) and \(L_{1}\neq L_{2}\). Similarly we deduce that for each \(z\in\{1,2\}\), there exist constants \(\theta_{z}\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{z}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) and a mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) satisfying (2.28)~(2.31), where θ, L and \(n_{1}\) are replaced by \(\theta_{z}\), \(L_{z}\) and \(n_{z}\), respectively, and the contraction mapping \(T_{L_{z}}\) has a unique fixed point \(x^{z}=\{x^{z}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\), which is a bounded positive solution of Eq. (1.11) in \(A(N,M)\), that is,
which together with (2.2), (2.28) and (2.29) yields that
which means that
that is, \(x^{1}\neq x^{2}\). This completes the proof. □
Theorem 2.5
Assume that there exist four constants M, N, \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) and two nonnegative sequences \(\{P(n)\}_{n\in \Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) and \(\{Q(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}}\) satisfying \((1+c_{2})M<(1+c_{1})N<0\), (2.2)~(2.4) and
Then
-
(a)
for any \(L\in ((1+c_{2})M,(1+c_{1})N )\) there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\ge n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}=\{x_{0}(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}=\{x_{m}(n)\}_{(n,m)\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}\times\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) generated by (2.27) converges to a bounded positive solution \(x \in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (1.11) and has the error estimate (2.6), where \(\{\alpha_{m}\}_{m\in\Bbb {N}_{0}}\) is an arbitrary sequence in \([0,1]\) satisfying (2.7);
-
(b)
Eq. (1.11) possesses uncountable bounded positive solutions.
Proof
Let \(L\in ((1+c_{2})M,(1+c_{1})N )\). It follows from (2.4) and (2.32) that there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) satisfying
Let the mapping \(T_{L}: A(N,M)\rightarrow l_{\beta}^{\infty}\) be defined by (2.31). It follows from (2.2), (2.3), (2.31) and (2.33)~(2.35) that for \(x=\{x(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}},y=\{y(n)\}_{n\in\Bbb {Z}_{\beta}}\in A(N,M)\) and \(n\ge n_{1}\)
and
which implies (2.12). The rest of the proof is similar to that of Theorem 2.4 and is omitted. This completes the proof. □
3 Examples
In this section, we construct five examples to illustrate our results.
Example 3.1
Consider the third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
where \(\tau\in\Bbb {N}\) is fixed. Let \(n_{0}=1\), \(k=3\), \(M=2\), \(N=1\), \(\beta=\min\{1-\tau,0\}\),
It is clear that (2.1)~(2.4) hold. It follows from Theorem 2.1 that Eq. (3.1) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\) and for each \(L\in(N,M)\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\geq0}\) generated by (2.5) and (2.7) converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (3.1) and has the error estimate (2.6).
Example 3.2
Consider the third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
where \(\tau\in\Bbb {N}\) is fixed. Let \(n_{0}=1\), \(k=3\), \(M=\frac{3}{2}\), \(N=\frac{1}{2}\), \(\beta=\min\{1-\tau,-2\}\),
It is easy to verify that (2.2), (2.3), (2.13) and (2.14) are fulfilled. It follows from Theorem 2.2 that Eq. (3.2) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\) and for each \(L\in(N,M)\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\geq0}\) generated by (2.7) and (2.15) converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (3.2) and has the error estimate (2.6).
Example 3.3
Consider the third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
where \(\tau\in\Bbb {N}_{n_{0}}\) is fixed. Let \(n_{0}=2\), \(k=3\), \(M=5\), \(N=2\), \(c_{1}=c_{2}=\frac{1}{4}\), \(\beta=\min\{2-\tau,-6\}\),
Clearly (2.2)~(2.4) and (2.20) hold. It follows from Theorem 2.3 that Eq. (3.3) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\) and for every \(L\in (c_{1}M+N, (1-c_{2})M )\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\geq0}\) generated by (2.7) and (2.21) converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (3.3) and has the error estimate (2.6).
Example 3.4
Consider the third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
where \(\tau\in\Bbb {N}\) is fixed. Let \(n_{0}=1\), \(k=2\), \(M=\frac{7}{3}\), \(N=\frac{3}{7}\), \(c_{1}=2\), \(c_{2}=3\), \(\beta=\min\{1-\tau,1\}=1-\tau\),
Obviously (2.2)~(2.4) and (2.26) hold. It follows from Theorem 2.4 that Eq. (3.4) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\) and for any \(L\in (\frac{c_{2}}{c_{1}}M+c_{2}N ,\frac{c_{1}}{c_{2}}N+c_{1}M )\), there exist \(\theta\in(0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\geq0}\) generated by (2.7) and (2.27) converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (3.4) and has the error estimate (2.6).
Example 3.5
Consider the third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation
where \(\tau\in\Bbb {N}\) is fixed. Let \(n_{0}=1\), \(k=3\), \(M=10\), \(N=3\), \(c_{1}=-3\), \(c_{2}=-2\), \(\beta=\min\{1-\tau,0\}\),
It is easy to verify that (2.2)~(2.4) and (2.32) are fulfilled. It follows from Theorem 2.5 that Eq. (3.5) possesses uncountably many bounded positive solutions in \(A(N,M)\) and for each \(L\in ((1+c_{2})M,(1+c_{1})N )\), there exist \(\theta\in (0,1)\) and \(n_{1}\geq n_{0}+\tau+\vert \beta \vert \) such that for each \(x_{0}\in A(N,M)\), the Mann iterative sequence \(\{x_{m}\}_{m\geq0}\) generated by (2.7) and (2.27) converges to a bounded positive solution \(x\in A(N,M)\) of Eq. (3.5) and has the error estimate (2.6).
References
Agarwal, R.P., Manuel, M.M.S., Thandapani, E.: Oscillatory and nonoscillatory behavior of second order neutral delay difference equations. Appl. Math. Lett. 10, 103–109 (1997)
Andruch-Sobilo, A., Migda, M.: On the oscillation of solutions of third order linear difference equations of neutral type. Math. Bohem. 130, 19–33 (2005)
Cheng, S.S., Li, H.J., Patula, W.T.: Bounded and zero convergent solutions of second order difference equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 141, 463–483 (1989)
Chuan, Q., Ladas, G.: Oscillation in differential equations with positive and negative coefficient. Can. Math. Bull. 33, 442–450 (1990)
El-Morshedy, H.A.: New oscillation criteria for second order linear difference equations with positive and negative coefficients. Comput. Math. Appl. 58, 1988–1997 (2009)
Jiang, Z.W.: Oscillation of first neutral delay differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 196, 800–813 (1995)
Jinfa, C.: Exitence of a nonoscillatory solution of second-order linear neutral difference equations. Appl. Math. Lett. 20, 892–899 (2007)
Li, W.T., Cheng, S.S.: Oscillation criteria for a nonlinear difference equation. Comput. Math. Appl. 36, 87–94 (1998)
Liu, Z., Kang, S.M., Ume, J.S.: Existence of uncountably many bounded nonoscillatory solutions and their iterative approximations for second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equations. Appl. Math. Comput. 213, 554–576 (2009)
Liu, Z., Sun, W., Ume, J.S., Kang, S.M.: Positive solutions of a second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2012, Article ID 172939 (2012)
Liu, Z., Wang, L.L., Kim, G.I., Kang, S.M.: Existence of uncountably many bounded positive solutions for a third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation. Comput. Math. Appl. 60, 2399–2416 (2010)
Liu, Z., Xu, Y.G., Kang, S.M.: Global solvability for a second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation. Comput. Math. Appl. 57, 587–595 (2009)
Liu, Z., Xu, Y.G., Kang, S.M.: Bounded oscillation criteria for certain third order nonlinear difference equations with several delays and advances. Comput. Math. Appl. 61, 1145–1161 (2011)
Liu, Z., Zhao, L.S., Ume, J.S., Kang, S.M.: Solvability of a second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2011, Article ID 328914 (2011)
Liu, Z., Zhao, L.S., Kang, S.M., Ume, J.S.: Existence of uncountably many bounded positive solutions for second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 61, 2535–2545 (2011)
Meng, Q., Yan, J.: Bounded oscillation for second-order neutral difference equations in critical and non-critical states. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 211, 156–172 (2008)
Migda, M., Migda, J.: Asymptotic propertes of solutions of second-order neutral difference equations. Nonlinear Anal. 63, e789–e799 (2005)
Rath, R.N., Dix, J.G., Barik, B.L.S., Dihudi, B.: Necessary conditions for the solutions of second order non-linear neutral delay difference equations to be oscillatory or tend to zero. Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 2007, Article ID 60907 (2007)
Saker, S.H.: Oscillation of third-order difference equations. Port. Math. 61, 249–257 (2004)
Tang, X.H.: Bounded oscillation of second-order neutral difference equations of unstable type. Comput. Math. Appl. 44, 1147–1156 (2002)
Thandapani, E., Manuel, M.M.S., Graef, J.R., Spikes, P.W.: Monotone properties of certain classes of solutions of second-order difference equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 36, 291–297 (2001)
Tripathy, A.K.: On the oscillation of second order nonlinear neutral delay difference equations. Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 2008, 11 (2008)
Yan, J., Liu, B.: Asymptotic behavior of a nonlinear delay difference equation. Appl. Math. Lett. 8, 1–5 (1995)
Zhang, B.G.: Oscillation and asymptotic behavior of second order difference equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 173, 58–68 (1993)
Zhang, X.S., Yan, J.R.: Oscillation criteria for first order neutral differential equations with positive and negative coefficients. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 253, 204–214 (2001)
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for valuable suggestions which helped to improve the manuscript. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41701616).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, G., Yu, H., Wang, L. et al. Positive solutions and iterative approximations of a third order nonlinear neutral delay difference equation. Adv Differ Equ 2018, 151 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1599-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1599-6