Abstract
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV) is a bovine lentivirus group that creates equine infectious anemia in horses around the globe. In this paper, we propose a basic nonlinear differential equation for EIAV infection. Moreover, we obtain a semianalytic approximate solution by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The gain of this method allows providing a direct scheme for solving the problem. Furthermore, we find the local and global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibrium using a Lyapunov functional. We use Mathematica to carry out the calculations. Graphical outcomes are carried out, and six terms are sufficient to show the effectiveness and power of the method.
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1 Introduction
Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) is a worldwide infection of lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses, producing fever and anemia. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is also a similar lentivirus subgroup. The resemblances of these infections inspire the investigation of the immune response to EIAV appropriate to study going on HIV. In 1904, the infectious creature that produced EIA was recognized as a filterable agent, assuming that EIA is the animal disease that is allotted a viral etiology [1]. In the 1970s the virus continues lifelong of infected horses in the white blood cells. This lentivirus can be spread by blood sucking biting flies and by the transmission from contaminated needles and improper sterilization of instruments between horses. EIAV is found all through the world with the maximum occurrence in environmental areas with warm atmospheres; henceforth the disease is called a swamp fever [2].
EIAV is the simplest genome of characterized lentiviruses. To control the infection and disease, exposing the working rule of these lentivirus systems has a significant part of persistence and pathogenesis. For the past 30 years, vaccine research for AIDS enduring virus-specific immune responses occuring in inapparent carriers looks for an immunologic regulator of disease by the basic model of EIAV [3].
At first, Nowak and Bangham [4] proposed a mathematical model that includes only immune response CTL. Wodarz [5] suggested a model for cell-mediated and humoral responses in Hepatitis C virus. Schwartz et al. [6] created a model in which antibody creation is subsidiary amount to virus to regulate the EIAV infection. Ciupe et al. [7] studied a model for EIAV strains and neutralizing antibodies. Schwartz et al. [8] derived a model for EIAV to predict the condition to eradicate the wild-type infection with antibody infusions.
Mathematical model is an essential tool for improvement of our understanding of virus dynamics [9]. Based on review of the literature, till now, there is dearth of knowledge on stability analysis and approximate analytic solutions of EIAV infection. Li and his group analyzed the oscillation criteria for various differential equations [10–13]. Moreover, some approximate solutions are also searched by HAM, which is a powerful method based on the concept of basic topology and shows how to regulate the rate of convergence by allowing an auxiliary parameter h to vary. A suitable choice of the auxiliary linear operator, initial condition, and h ensures the convergence of the HAM solution series. This method was devised by Shijun Liao to solve nonlinear problems. Recently, HAM was used to get the solutions of nonlinear problems of HIV [14–17]. Also, this method gives the solutions of the Klein–Gordon and modified Kawahara equations [18–23]. In the present study, we examine the transmission dynamics of EIAV infection using a mathematical model. We examine the stability of a nonlinear model; also, we find the basic reproduction number and an approximate analytic solution by using HAM.
2 Basic knowledge of HAM
Consider the equation
According to the definitions by Liao [14, 15], we give the following zero-order deformation equation:
where L is an auxiliary linear operator such that \(L[c_{i}] = 0\) for integral constants \(c_{i}\) (\(i=1, 2, 3\)). When \(s=0\) and \(s=1\), the zero-order deformation equation becomes
By Taylor series expansion of \(\phi (t;s)\) with respect to s we have
where
Differentiating the equation i times with respect to s, then fixing \(s=0\), and finally dividing them by i!, we get the ith-order deformation equations
where
and
These equations can be easily solved using software such as Maple, Matlab, and so on.
3 Mathematical formulation
In this paper, we consider the following viral infection models proposed in [4, 24–26]:
The initial conditions associated with system (1) are
A schematic figure is presented in Fig. 1. The parameters and variables are presented in Table 1.
4 Mathematical analysis of the EIAV model
4.1 Boundedness and positivity
Theorem 4.1
Let \(P:[0, + \infty ] \to R^{3}\). If \(P(0) \in R_{ +}^{3}\) then \(P(t) \in R_{ +}^{3}\) for all \(t \in [0, + \infty ]\), and the solution is \(P(t) = (E,F,G)\).
To prove this, note that \(\dot{E}|_{E = 0}\), \(\dot{F}|_{F = 0}\) and \(\dot{G}|_{G = 0}\), are positive for \(t > 0\). Therefore solutions of model (1) are positive.
Theorem 4.2
Let \(P = \{ ( E,F,G ) \in R_{ +}^{3}|0 \le E + F + G \le \bar{E}_{0},E,F,G \ge 0 \}\), where \(\bar{E}_{0} = \frac{\Lambda}{\mu}\).
Solutions of system (1) are bounded on compact sets. Obviously, solutions of (1) are bounded in the region P.
4.2 Equilibrium analysis
Disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium:
4.3 Basic reproduction number
We find \(R_{0}\) using the next generation matrix [27]. Let us take matrices A and B that represent new infection and transfer at disease-free equilibrium,
Hence
4.4 Stability analysis
Proposition 4.3
\(D^{0}\) is locally asymptotically stable for \(R_{0} < 1\) and unstable otherwise.
Proof
Therefore the eigenvalues of the disease-free equilibrium are−μ, \(- (\omega + \rho )\), and \(- (\psi + \alpha )\).
The eigenvalues at disease-free equilibrium are all negative, and hence it is stable. Therefore if \(R_{0} < 1\), then \(D^{0}\) is locally asymptotically stable. □
Proposition 4.4
\(D^{0}\) is globally asymptotically stable for \(R_{0} \le 1\) and unstable otherwise.
Proof
Let the Lyapunov function \(L(E,F,G):R_{ +}^{3} \to R_{ +}^{3}\) be defined as
Differentiating (2) with respect to t, we have
This implies \(\dot{L} \le (R_{0} - 1)G \le 0 \because \dot{L} = 0\) only when \(G = 0\), using \(G = 0\) in (1) such that \(E \to \frac{\Lambda}{\mu} \) and \(F \to 0\) as \(t \to \infty\). Hence by [28, 29] \(D^{0}\) is globally asymptotically stable when \(R_{0} > 1\). □
Proposition 4.5
\(D^{*} = (E^{*},F^{*},G^{*})\) is locally asymptotically stable for \(R_{0} > 1\) and unstable otherwise.
Proof
We have
The characteristic equation of equilibrium \(D^{*}\) is
where
By the Routh–Hurwitz criterion
Finally, \(D^{*}\) is locally asymptotically stable. □
Proposition 4.6
If \(R_{0} > 1\), then \(D^{*}\) is globally asymptotically stable and unstable otherwise.
Proof
Consider the Lyapunov function
Differentiating (3) with respect to t, we have
where
where
From (4) we have that if \(U < V\), then \(\dot{M} \le 0\). Also, \(\dot{M} = 0\) iff \(E^{*} = E\), \(F^{*} = F\), \(G^{*} = G\). Hence by [28, 29] \(D^{*}\) is globally asymptotically stable when \(R_{0} > 1\). □
5 Application
To construct the solutions of (1) by HAM, we first choose
We choose the auxiliary linear operators \(L_{1}\), \(L_{2}\), and \(L_{3}\) as
They satisfy the following properties:
\(L_{i}(C_{i}) = 0\), where \(C_{i}\) (\(i=1,2,3\)) are integral constants. Define the nonlinear operators
By the definitions of Liao [14, 15] introduce the nonzero auxiliary parameter h, nonzero auxiliary function H (t), and the embedding parameter s in \([0, 1]\). Then using this, we form the zero-order deformation equations
clearly, when \(s=0\) and \(s=1\), we have
Thus the embedding parameter s rises from zero to one, the solutions \(E (t; s)\), \(F (t; s)\), and \(G (t; s)\) vary continuously from \(E_{0} (t)\), \(F_{0} (t)\), and \(G_{0} (t)\) to the exact solution \(E (t)\), \(F (t)\), and \(G (t)\). Expanding \(E (t; s)\) by Taylor’s series, we have
where
If \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\), \(h_{3}\), \(H_{1}(t)\), \(H_{2}(t)\), and \(H_{3}(t)\) are chosen, then the series is convergent at \(p=1\).
Differentiating (6)–(8) i times with respect to s, allocating by i!, and fixing \(s = 0\), the ith-order deformation equations are
where
and
Then the ith-order deformation (18)–(20) for i greater than or equal to 1 becomes
6 Numerical results
Consider the following values for numerical results [30]:
We use Mathematica software to get the sixth-order expansions for \(E(t)\), \(F(t)\), and \(G(t)\):
7 Discussion
We have found the solution of (18)–(19) containing h by showing an easy technique for control and adjustment of curves ensuring the convergence of solution series, as recommended by Liao. Figures 2–7 show the plots of fifth and sixth term approximation of \(E'(0)\), \(F'(0)\) and \(G'(0)\).
These curves show that the valid region of h is parallel to the horizontal axis. The valid region is listed in Table 2.
In this context, an error analysis is performed to get the optimal values of h. We substitute Eqs. (21)–(23) into (1) and obtain the residual functions as follows:
Following [31, 32], we consider the square residual error for the sixth-order approximation:
The values of \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\), and \(h_{3}\) for which \(RE(h_{1})\), \(RF(h_{2})\), \(RG(h_{3})\) are minimal can be obtained. We have
The optimal values of \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\), and \(h_{3}\) for all of the cases considered are
In Table 3, the minimum values of \(RE (h_{1})\), \(RF (h_{2})\), and \(RG (h_{3})\) are given for optimal values of \(h_{1}\), \(h_{2}\), and \(h_{3}\).
In Table 4, we calculated errors \(ER_{1}\), \(ER_{2}\), and \(ER_{3}\) for various t in \((0, 1)\). This shows that the HAM offers us an accurate approximate solution for EIAV model (1).
Figures 8–10 show the residual errors of \(ER_{1}\), \(ER_{2}\), and \(ER_{3}\) for t in \((0,1)\) and various h.
By considering the following figures note the solutions obtained by using HAM.
8 Conclusion
In this paper, we examined the global dynamics by \(R_{0}\). The disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if \(R_{0} \le 1\). Moreover, the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable if \(R_{0} > 1\). Also, we obtain an approximate analytical solution for this model. Moreover, we illustrate the ability of HAM to confirm the convergence of sequence solution for nonlinear differential equations and obtain approximate semianalytic solutions. In this manner, HAM is very effective and powerful technique to find the solutions.
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The authors are grateful to anonymous referees for their excellent suggestions, which greatly improved the presentation of the paper.
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The financial assistance from the SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, in the form of a University Research fellowship (URF) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Geethamalini, S., Balamuralitharan, S. Semianalytical solutions by homotopy analysis method for EIAV infection with stability analysis. Adv Differ Equ 2018, 356 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1808-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1808-3