Abstract
In the existing study, we investigate the criteria of existence of solution for relatively new categories of φ-Caputo fractional differential equations and inclusions problems equipped with nonlocal φ-integral boundary conditions. In order to achieve the desired goal, we use α–ψ-contractive mappings and the theory of approximate endpoint. In the final stage, we exhibit some examples to provide the illustrations of our theoretical findings.
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1 Introduction
The calculus of arbitrary order, particularly the fractional order calculus, has been considered as the most useful branch of mathematics in various applied sciences and engineering. In order to foster the large capacity of identities and operators introduced in this theory, the scientist and researchers focused on modeling the variety of physical phenomena involving fraction settings. The researchers have made a significant amount of contribution towards the investigation of fractional differential equations (FDEs) and inclusions (FDIs) which can be seen in [1–10] and the references cited therein. Utilizing the techniques of functional analysis and fixed point theory, a huge number of writings by many academicians have appeared, in which the existence aspects, the property of uniqueness, and the stability analysis of solutions for a variety of FDEs and FDIs of initial and boundary value problems are analyzed [11–14].
Almeida [15] in 2017 launched an extension of classical Caputo operator to φ-Caputo operator, where the kernel relies on the increasing function φ. The φ-Caputo fractional derivative’s most often used advantage is its ability to gather all previously implemented fractional derivatives. This generalized operator has the semigroup property, which is essential for obtaining the solution structure. Therefore, the derivative φ-Caputo fractional is considered as a modified form of a derivative of fractional order. By referring to the φ-Caputo operator and its generalization, there are many studies which we refer the readers to [16–22].
In year 2014, Tariboon et al. [23] considered the following category of fractional differential equations involving nonlocal fractional integral condition:
where \(1<\sigma ^{*}\leq 2\), \({}^{RL}D_{0^{+}}^{\sigma ^{*}}\) denotes the RL-fractional derivative of order \(\sigma ^{*}\), \({}^{\mathcal{H}}I_{0^{+}}^{p_{i}}\) denotes the Hadamard fractional derivative of order \(p_{i}>0\), \(\xi _{i}\in (0, M)\), \(\hbar : [0, M]\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{R}\) and \(\beta _{i}\in \mathbb{R}\), \(i\in \{1, 2,\ldots, m\}\) with the property that \(\sum_{i=1}^{m} \frac{\beta _{i}\xi _{i}\sigma ^{*}-1}{(\sigma ^{*}-1)^{p_{i}}} \neq M^{\sigma ^{*}-1}\).
In the subsequent year, Ntouyas et al. [24] studied the following class of RL-fractional differential equations along with nonlocal fractional integral conditions of Hadamard type:
where \(1<\sigma ^{*}\leq 2\), \({}^{RL}D_{0^{+}}^{\sigma ^{*}}\) denotes the RL-fractional derivative of order \(\sigma ^{*}\), \({}^{\mathcal{H}}I_{0^{+}}^{p_{i}}\) denotes the Hadamard fractional derivative of order \(p_{i}>0\), \(\xi _{i}\in (0, M)\), \(\hbar : [0, M]\times \mathbb{R}\to \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{R})\) and \(\beta _{i}\in \mathbb{R}\), \(i=1, 2,\ldots, m\), with the property that \(\sum_{i=1}^{m} \frac{\beta _{i}\xi _{i}\sigma ^{*}-1}{(\sigma ^{*}-1)^{p_{i}}} \neq M^{\sigma ^{*}-1}\).
The above theory gives us motivation and leads us to introducing the following class of fractional differential equations involving boundary conditions in the framework of φ-Caputo fractional derivative:
where \({}^{C}D_{0}^{\sigma ^{*},\varphi }\) is the φ-Caputo fractional derivative of order \(\sigma ^{*}\), \(1 <\sigma ^{*} < 2 \), \({}^{RL}I_{0}^{p_{i},\varphi }\) is the RL-φ-fractional integral of order \(p_{i}>0\), \(\xi _{i}\in (s_{0},M)\), \(\hbar : J\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) and \(\beta _{i}\in \mathbb{R}\) \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\). We also explore the solutions’ existence of the following fractional differential inclusion BVP:
where \(K: J \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{R})\) is a set-valued compact map.
By reviewing a broad variety of published papers concerning existence and notions of uniqueness in the light of problems with fractional boundary values, we will see that many authors use conventional methods based on renowned fixed point methods for obtaining desirable outcomes in respect to solutions. Our work in the present research is novel in introducing a new development of two φ-fractional differential problems equipped with nonlocal boundary conditions and then constructing new operators which belong to a new class of core functions. The α-admissible and α–ψ-counteractive maps are two major functions of this category. Using such a broad class of functions defined on space admitting properties (P1) and (P2), we investigate the existence criteria of two BVPs (1) and (2). Moreover, we derive another condition of the existence of solutions from the (AEP)-property for the assumed multifunction and the aid of endpoint notion. It is notable that our procedures for presumed problems (1) and (2) were used in few works, and we apply these approaches to a nonlocal BVP for the first time.
The contents of the present manuscript are organized in the following way. Within the following section, some necessary notions are mounted in the sense of a φ-calculus. At the beginning of Sect. 3, we supply a lemma that presents the solution of fractional BVP (1) as an integral equation, and after that utilizing the ideas of Samet et al. [25], the criteria of solutions’ existence of the aforementioned BVP are provided. While considering the inclusion version of the proposed BVP, Sect. 4 deals with the solutions’ existence with the aid of α–ψ-contractive functions on multifunctions and AEP-property of problem (2). The last section is devoted to the illustration of results presented in Sects. 3 and 4 in terms of numerical examples.
2 Preliminaries
We compile and study some basic and auxiliary concepts in the present section of this study in the context of our analytical approach. For a function \(\mu ^{*} : [0, + \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\), we recall the FRL-integral of order \(\sigma ^{*} >0\) as follows:
for a finite value of the integral [26, 27]. At this stage, we presume that \(n-1 <\sigma ^{*} < n\) so that \(n = [\sigma ^{*}] +1\). The FRL-derivative of order \(\sigma ^{*}\) for a continuous function \(\mu ^{*} : [0, + \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\) is defined by
for a finite value of the integral [26, 27]. Assuming \(\mu ^{*}\in AC^{(n)}_{\mathbb{R}}([0, + \infty ))\) (a class of absolutely continuous functions), Caputo fractional derivative is defined by
for a finite value of the integral [26, 27].
Now, assume an increasing function \(\varphi \in C^{n}( J)\) with \(\varphi '(a)> 0\) for every \(s_{0}\leq a\leq M\). Then an integral in the sense of φ-Riemann–Liouville of a function \(\mu ^{*} : J \to \mathbb{R}\) of order \(\sigma ^{*}\) depending on the given increasing function φ is introduced as
provided that the RHS of (6) is finite-valued [27–29]. Observe that, if \(\varphi (a) = a\), the φ-FRL integral (6) becomes classical FRL-integral (3). The \(\sigma ^{*}\) ordered φ-FRL derivative of a continuous function \(\mu ^{*} : [0, + \infty ) \to \mathbb{R}\) is illustrated as
provided that the RHS of (7) is finite-valued [27–29]. Likewise, if \(\varphi (a) = a\), it would be apparent that the φ-FRL derivative (7) becomes classical RL-derivative (4). Motivated by such operators, Almeida proposed the following formula of a new Caputo derivative of φ-variant:
provided that the RHS of (8) is finite-valued [15]. It is noteworthy that if \(\varphi (a)=a\), the φ-Caputo fractional derivative (8) becomes classical Caputo derivative (5). In the following lemmas, we can observe some interesting properties of the φ-fractional operators of Caputo and Riemann–Liouville sense.
Lemma 2.1
Suppose that \(\sigma ^{*}\), \(\varrho ^{*}\), and \(\beta ^{*} \) are positive, an increasing function \(\varphi \in C^{n}( J)\) with \(\varphi '(a)> 0\) for any \(a\in J\). Then
Lemma 2.2
([15])
Assume \(\sigma ^{*} \in ( n-1, n)\) and \(\varphi \in C^{n}( J)\) a nondecreasing function with \(\varphi '(a)> 0\) for every \(a\in J\). Then, for any \(\mu ^{*} \in C^{n-1} ( J)\),
In light of the aforementioned lemma, the authors have checked that the series solution of the homogeneous equation \(({}^{C}D_{s_{0}}^{\sigma ^{*};\varphi } \mu ^{*} )(a) =0\) are demonstrated as follows:
where \(n-1 < \sigma ^{*} < n\) and \(\tilde{k}_{0}^{*} , \tilde{k}_{1}^{*} ,\ldots, \tilde{k}_{n-1}^{*} \in \mathbb{R}\) [15].
Regarding \(( N, \Vert \cdot \Vert )\) a normed space, the classes \(\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{CL}}( N)\) (closed), \(\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{BN}} ( N)\) (bounded), \(\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{CP}}( N)\) (compact), and \(\mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{CV}}( N)\) (convex) consist of a respective form of the subsets of N.
Definition 1
([30])
Consider \(\upsilon : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) as a real-valued function and v as a multifunction.
-
(i)
F is u.s.c on N if \(F(\upsilon ^{*})\in \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{CL}}( N)\) for any \(\upsilon ^{*} \in N \) and also a neighborhood \(N_{0}^{*}\) of \(\upsilon ^{*}\) exists subject to \(F( N_{0}^{*}) \subseteq \mathbb{V}\) for \(\mathbb{V} \subseteq N\) in which \(\mathbb{V}\) is an arbitrary open set.
-
(ii)
A real-valued map \(\upsilon : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) is upper semi-continuous such that \(\lim \sup_{n\to \infty } \upsilon (\varsigma _{n})\leq \upsilon ( \varsigma )\) for each \(\{ \varsigma _{n} \}_{n\geq 1}\) with \(\varsigma _{n} \to \varsigma \).
Definition 2
([30])
A metric attributed to Pompeiu–Hausdorff \(\mathbb{H}_{d} : ( \mathbb{P}( N) )^{2} \to \mathbb{R} \cup \{\infty \}\) is defined as
where d is considered to be the metric of N and also \(d(Q_{1}^{*},q_{2}^{*}) = \inf_{q_{1}^{*}\in Q_{1}^{*}}d(q_{1}^{*},q_{2}^{*})\) and \(d(q_{1}^{*},Q_{2}^{*}) = \inf_{q_{2}^{*}\in Q_{2}^{*}} d(q_{1}^{*},q_{2}^{*})\).
Definition 3
([30])
For \(F : N \to {\mathbb{P}}_{\mathbb{CL}} ( N)\) and \(\upsilon _{1}, \upsilon _{2} \in N\), let the following inequality hold:
Then F is said to be: (H1) a Lipschitz map if \(\ell > 0\); (H2) a contraction if \(0 < \ell < 1\).
Definition 4
([30])
An element \(\mu ^{*} \in N\) is termed an endpoint of a multi-valued function \(L: N \rightarrow \mathbb{P}( N)\) whenever we get \(L(\mu ^{*})=\{\mu ^{*}\}\). The multi-valued map Φ has an approximate endpoint criterion (AEP) if
Definition 5
([30])
-
(i)
\(\Phi : \mathbb{S}\times \mathbb{R} \to {\mathbb{P}}(\mathbb{R})\) is Caratheodory if \(\varsigma \mapsto \Phi (\varsigma , u)\) is measurable for any \(u \in \mathbb{R}\) and \(u \mapsto \Phi (\varsigma , u) \) is u.s.c for a.e. \(\varsigma \in \mathbb{S}\).
-
(ii)
A Caratheodory multifunction \(\Phi : \mathbb{S}\times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{R})\) is \(L^{1}\)-Caratheodory if, for any \(\eta >0\), \(\mu _{\eta }\in L^{1} (\mathbb{S}, \mathbb{R}_{+})\) exists subject to \(\Vert \Phi (\varsigma , u) \Vert =\sup_{\varsigma \in \mathbb{S}}\{ \vert \nu \vert :\nu \in \Phi (\varsigma , u)\}\leq \mu _{\eta }(\varsigma )\) for all \(\vert u \vert \leq \eta \) and for almost all \(\varsigma \in \mathbb{S}\).
We will use a particular set of functions and properties that are relevant to the argumentative purposes of this article. This mapping category was first defined by Samet, Vetro, and Vetro [25] in 2012. Regard Ψ consisting of all nondecreasing functions \(\psi : [0, \infty ) \to [0, \infty )\) such that, for every \(a > 0\), \(\sum_{n=1}^{\infty } \psi ^{n}(a) <\infty \) and and \(\alpha : N^{2} \to \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}\). [25] The self-map T on \(( N, \mathrm{d})\) is regarded as α-admissible if \(\alpha ( T\mu ^{*}_{1}, T\mu ^{*}_{2}) \geq 1\) whenever \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2}) \geq 1\) and is α–ψ-contraction
for every \(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\). Moreover, the normed space N admits that (P1) if \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}_{n\geq 1}\) is any sequence in N with \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n},\mu ^{*}_{n+1})\geq 1\) and \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\) tends to \(\mu ^{*}\), for every \(n\geq 1\), the inequality \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n},\mu ^{*})\geq 1\) follows. A generalized version of α–ψ-contraction was given by [31, 32]. Karapinar et al. [33] proved some new fixed point results concerning α–ψ-contraction and applied them for the existence of solution of FDEs.
After the notions presented by Samet et al. [25], next year, Mohammadi et al. came up with another classification of such maps generalizing the previous one [34]. The set-valued map L having bounded and closed values on N is regarded as α-admissible if, for every \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\in N\) and \(\mu ^{*}_{2}\in L\mu ^{*}_{1}\), \(\alpha ( \mu ^{*}_{2},\mu ^{*}_{3})\geq 1\) whenever \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2})\geq 1\) for every \(\mu ^{*}_{3}\in L\mu ^{*}_{2}\) and is α–ψ-contractive if
for every member \(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\). Moreover, the normed space N admits that (P2) if \(\{ \mu ^{*}_{n} \}_{n \geq 1} \) is any sequence in N with \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n} , \mu ^{*}_{n+1}) \geq 1\) and \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\) tends to \(\mu ^{*}\), there is a sequence \(\{ \mu ^{*}_{n} \}\) containing a subsequence \(\{ \mu ^{*}_{n_{k}} \}\) satisfying \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n_{k}}, \mu ^{*})\geq 1\) for all natural numbers k.
Our claims are based on the following theorems until the conclusion of this study.
Theorem 1
([25])
Regard \(( N, \mathrm{d})\), a complete metric space, \(\psi \in \Psi \), a real-valued map α on \(N^{2}\). Regarding a self-map T on N as α-admissible and α–ψ-contractive with \(\alpha (\mu _{0}^{*}, T\mu _{0}^{*} )\geq 1\) for some \(\mu _{0}^{*} \in N\) together with N admitting property (P1). This yields that a fixed point of the map T exists.
Theorem 2
([35])
Regarding N a complete normed space, operators \(T_{1}\) and \(T_{2}\) defined on a bounded, convex and closed subset \(\mathbb{B} \neq \emptyset \) of N confirms that, for every \(\mu _{1}^{*}, \mu _{2}^{*}\in \mathbb{B}\), \(T_{1} \mu _{1}^{*}+ T_{2} \mu _{2}^{*} \in \mathbb{B}\), operator \(T_{1}\) is continuous and compact while that of \(T_{2}\) is contractive. Then there is a member \(\mu ^{*}\) of \(\mathbb{B}\) with \(T_{1}\mu _{1}^{*}+ T_{2} \mu _{2}^{*}=\mu ^{*}\).
Theorem 3
([34])
Regard \(( N, \mathrm{d})\) a complete metric space, \(\psi \in \Psi \), a real-valued map α on \(N^{2}\). Regard a bounded and closed set-valued map L on N as α-admissible and α–ψ-contractive with \(\alpha (\mu _{0}^{*}, \mu _{1}^{*} )\geq 1\) for some \(\mu _{0}^{*} \in N\) and \(\mu _{1}^{*} \in L\mu _{0}^{*}\) together with N admitting (P2). This yields that L possesses a fixed point.
Theorem 4
([30])
Regard \(( N, \mathrm{d})\) a complete metric space, \(\psi \in \Psi \) is upper semi-continuous together with \(\liminf_{a\to \infty }(a-\psi (a))>0\) for \(a>0\), a bounded and closed set-valued map L on N admits the inequality \(\mathbb{H}_{\mathrm{d}}(L \mu _{1}^{*},L \mu _{2}^{*})\leq \psi ( \mathrm{d}(\mu _{1}^{*}, \mu _{2}^{*}))\) for every \(\mu _{1}^{*}, \mu _{2}^{*} \in N\). This yields that the map L follows the approximate endpoint property iff there exists a unique endpoint of it.
3 Fractional φ-BVP (1)
In the current situation of study we are beginning to pursue the basic deductions of a potential solution of problem (1) via nonlinear methods in the theory of fixed point of an operator under consideration. In respect of achieving the goals, regard \(N=\{\mu ^{*}(a): \mu ^{*}(a)\in C( J, \mathbb{R})\}\) a Banach space supplied with \(\Vert \mu ^{*} \Vert _{ N}=\sup_{a\in J} \vert \mu ^{*}(a) \vert \) for all \(\mu ^{*} \in N\). The solution of the suggested problem (1) is presented in the next lemma in the form of an integral equation which helps us to present the existence criteria.
Lemma 3.1
Let \(\Phi ^{*} \in C( J,\mathbb{R})\) be the continuous function, then the function \(\mu ^{*}(a)\in N\) is a solution for the boundary value problem
if and only if \(\mu ^{*}(a)\) is a solution for the following:
Proof
Let \(\mu ^{*}(a)\) be the solution of BVP. Choose \(k_{0}, k_{1} \in \mathbb{R}\) such that
By using \(\mu (s_{0})=0\), we have \(k_{0}=0\)
Operating fractional Riemann–Liouville integral having order \(p_{i}>0\) for (11), we have
Thus
implies that
where Λ is defined in (15). □
Throughout this work we use the following:
where \(\xi _{i}\in J\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,m\). Let \(N=C( J,\mathbb{R})\).
We define the operator \(T: N\to N\) by
It is noted that BVP has a solution if T has a fixed point.
For the sake of convenience in writing, we set
Theorem 5
Let \(\psi \in \Psi \), \(G:\mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a mapping, \(\hbar : J \times N\rightarrow N\) be a continuous function, suppose that
- \(C_{1}\)::
-
\(\vert \hbar (a,\mu ^{*}_{1}(a))-\hbar (a,\mu ^{*}_{2}(a)) \vert \leq \lambda ^{*}\psi ( \vert \mu ^{*}_{1}-\mu ^{*}_{2} \vert )\) for all \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\) and
$$ G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2} \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0. $$ - \(C_{2}\)::
-
There exists \(\mu ^{*}_{0}\in N\) such that
$$ G( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{0}(a), T\mu ^{*}_{0}(a) \bigr)\geq 0 $$for all \(a\in J\), and
$$ G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{1}(a),\mu ^{*}_{2}(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0 $$implies
$$ G \bigl( \bigl( T\mu ^{*}_{1}(a), T\mu ^{*}_{2}(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0 $$for every \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\) and \(a\in J\).
- \(C_{3}\)::
-
For every sequence \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}_{n\geq 1}\) in N with \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\rightarrow \mu ^{*}\) and
$$ G \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{n}(a),\mu ^{*}_{n+1}(a) \bigr)\geq 0 $$for every \(n\in \mathbb{N}\) and \(a\in J\), we get
$$ G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{n}(a),\mu ^{*}(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0. $$
Then at least one solution of problem (1) exists.
Proof
Assume \(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\) such that \(G((\mu ^{*}_{1}(a),\mu ^{*}_{2}(a)))\geq 0\) for all \(a\in J\). Then
Hence, \(\vert T\mu ^{*}_{1}(a)- T\mu ^{*}_{2}(a) \vert \leq \Omega _{1}\lambda ^{*} \psi ( \Vert \mu ^{*}_{1}-\mu ^{*}_{2} \Vert )\). We regard a nonnegative function α on \(N\times N\) by
for all \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\). Then we have \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2})\mathrm{d}( T\mu ^{*}_{1}, T\mu ^{*}_{2}) \leq \psi (\mathrm{d}(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2}))\) for all \(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2} \in N\), which indicates that the operator T is an α–ψ-contractive type. In addition, one can easily verify that T is α-admissible and \(1\leq \alpha (\mu ^{*}_{0}, T\mu ^{*}_{0})\). Further, assume that a sequence \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) in N tends to \(\mu ^{*}\) with \(1\leq \alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n}, \mu ^{*}_{n+1})\) for all n. Due to the structure of α, it implies that
Due to assertion (\(C_{3}\)), we have
which asserts that \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n}, \mu ^{*}) \geq 1\) for all n. Therefore N admits property (P1). Theorem 1 is thus applied, and we find that the operator T possesses \(\mu ^{*}\in N\) as a fixed point, which in turn is a solution of the proposed BVP (1). The proof is complete. □
Theorem 6
Regard a continuous function \(\hbar : J\times N\rightarrow N\). We assume the following:
- \(C_{4}\)::
-
A continuous function \(L^{*}\) on J exists such that
$$ \bigl\vert \hbar \bigl(a,\mu ^{*}_{1} \bigr)-\hbar \bigl(a,\mu ^{*}_{2} \bigr) \bigr\vert \leq L^{*}(a) \bigl( \bigl\vert \mu ^{*}_{1}- \mu ^{*}_{2} \bigr\vert \bigr) $$for all \(a\in J\) and \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\).
- \(C_{5}\)::
-
There exist a continuous function \(\eta ^{*}: J\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}\) and a nondecreasing function \(\psi : J\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}\) such that
$$ \hbar \bigl(a,\mu ^{*}_{1} \bigr)\leq \eta ^{*}(a) \psi \bigl( \bigl\vert \mu ^{*}_{1} \bigr\vert \bigr) $$for all \(a\in J\) and \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\in N\). Then the fractional BVP has at least one solution whenever \(K^{*}= \Vert L^{*} \Vert \Omega _{1}\) where \(\Vert L^{*} \Vert =\sup_{a\in J} \vert L^{*}(a) \vert \).
Proof
Let \(\Vert \eta ^{*} \Vert =\sup_{a\in J} \vert \eta ^{*}(a) \vert \) and \(\epsilon \geq \Vert m^{*} \Vert \Vert \eta ^{*} \Vert \Omega _{1}\) Let us define a set \(V_{\epsilon }=\{\mu ^{*}\in N: \Vert \mu ^{*} \Vert \leq \epsilon \}\). It is easy to verify that \(V_{\epsilon }\) is a nonempty, convex, closed, bounded subset of Banach space N. We now define two operators \(T^{1}\) and \(T^{2}\) on a set \(V_{\epsilon }\) by
For all \(a\in J\), put \(\Vert m^{*} \Vert =\sup_{a\in J}\psi ( \Vert \mu ^{*}(a) \Vert )\), for \(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2}\in V_{\epsilon }\) we have
Hence \(\vert T^{1}\mu ^{*}_{1}(a)+ T^{2}\mu ^{*}_{2}(a) \vert \leq \epsilon \), which implies that \(\vert T^{1}\mu ^{*}_{1}(a)+ T^{2}\mu ^{*}_{2}(a) \vert \in V_{\epsilon }\). By hypothesis, the function ħ is continuous, which thus implies that the operator \(T^{1}\) is continuous. Moreover,
for all \(\mu ^{*}\in V_{\epsilon }\). Hence,
which implies the uniform boundedness of the operator \(T^{1}\) on \(V_{\epsilon }\). Over the next move, we would pursue that \(T^{1}\) as a compact operator on \(V_{\epsilon }\). To achieve this, we take \(a_{1},a_{2}\in J\) with \(a_{2}>a_{1}\), thus we have
which implies that \(\vert T^{1}\mu ^{*}(a_{2})- T^{1}\mu ^{*}(a_{1}) \vert \rightarrow 0\) as \(a_{1}\rightarrow a_{2}\). Thus \(T^{1}\) is equicontinuous and is relatively compact on \(V_{\epsilon }\). The operator is now compact due to the application of Arzela–Ascoli theorem. In the last stage, we intend to show that \(T^{2}\) is contractive:
which implies that
Therefore, the operator \(T^{2}\) is contractive on \(V_{\epsilon }\) with constant \(\Omega _{2} <1\). So BVP (1) has at least one solution. □
4 Fractional φ-BVP (2)
We will discuss the existence of solutions to problem (2) in this section. We recall a function \(\mu ^{*} \in C_{ N}( J, N)\) is announced as the solution of problem (2) provided that it follows the boundary conditions, and there exists a function \(\mu ^{*}\in L^{1}( J)\) such that \(\mu ^{*}(a)\in K(a, \mu ^{*}(a))\) for almost all \(a\in J\) and
for all \(a\in J\). For each \(\mu ^{*}\in N\), we demonstrate the selections’ set of K by
Assume the operator \(L: N\to \mathbb{P}( N)\) by
where
Theorem 7
Regard a set-valued map \(K: J\times N\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{CP}}( N)\). Suppose that
- \(C_{6}\)::
-
The set-valued map K is bounded and integrable with the property that \(K(\cdot ,\mu ^{*}_{1}): J\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{CP}}( N)\) is measurable for \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\in N\).
- \(C_{7}\)::
-
There are a member \(\omega \in C( J, [0,\infty ))\) and a map \(\psi \in \Psi \) such that
$$ \mathbb{H}_{\mathrm{d}} \bigl( K \bigl(a,\mu ^{*}_{1} \bigr), K \bigl(a,\acute{\mu ^{*}_{1}} \bigr) \bigr) \leq \frac{\omega (a)\lambda ^{*}}{ \Vert \omega \Vert }\psi \bigl( \bigl\vert \mu ^{*}_{1}- \acute{\mu ^{*}_{1}} \bigr\vert \bigr) $$(33)for all \(a \in J\) and \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\acute{\mu ^{*}_{1}}\in N\), where \(\lambda ^{*}=\frac{1}{\Omega _{1}}\).
- \(C_{8}\)::
-
There exists a function \(G:\mathbb{R}^{2}\times \mathbb{R}^{2}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) such that \(G((\mu ^{*}_{1},\acute{\mu ^{*}_{1}}))\geq 0\) for all \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\acute{\mu ^{*}_{1}}\in N\).
- \(C_{9}\)::
-
A sequence \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) of points of N such that \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\rightarrow \mu ^{*}\) and
$$\begin{aligned} G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{n}(a),\mu ^{*}_{n+1}(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0 \end{aligned}$$for all \(a\in J\), \(n\geq 1\), there exists a subsequence \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n_{j}}\}\) of \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) with
$$\begin{aligned} G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{n_{j}}(a),\mu ^{*}(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0 \end{aligned}$$for all \(a\in J\) and \(1\leq j\).
- \(C_{10}\)::
-
There are elements \(\mu ^{*}_{0}\) of N and r of \(L(\mu ^{*}_{0})\) with
$$\begin{aligned} G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}_{0}(a),r(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0 \end{aligned}$$for all \(a\in J\), where the operator \(L: N\rightarrow \mathbb{P}(N)\).
- \(C_{11}\)::
-
For every member \(\mu ^{*}\) of N and r of \(L(\mu ^{*})\) such that
$$\begin{aligned} G \bigl( \bigl(\mu ^{*}(a),r(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0, \end{aligned}$$an element \(w^{*}\) of \(L(\mu ^{*})\) exists such that
$$\begin{aligned} G \bigl( \bigl(r(a),w^{*}(a) \bigr) \bigr)\geq 0 \end{aligned}$$for all \(a\in J\). Then BVP (2) has a solution.
Proof
Eventually, the point fixed by the map L is characterized as a solution of BVP (2). For all \(\mu ^{*}\in N\), the set-valued map \(a\mapsto K(a, \mu ^{*}(a))\) is closed-valued as well as measurable, so there is a selection of the map K which is measurable and the set \(S_{ K,\mu ^{*}}\) is nonempty. We would prove that \(L(\mu ^{*})\) is closed as a subset of N for all \(\mu ^{*}\in N\). Assume a convergent sequence \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) of points of \(L(\mu ^{*})\) tending to \(\mu ^{*}\). Corresponding to every n, an element \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\in S_{ K,\mu ^{*}}\) exists such that
for all \(a\in J\). Since the values of K are compact, on the basis of this observation, we consider a subsequence of \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) that tends to \(\mu ^{*}\) in \(L^{1}( J)\). Hence, \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\in S_{ K,\mu ^{*}}\) and
for all \(a\in J\), which implies \(\mu ^{*}\in L(\mu ^{*})\), and so the values of L are closed. Since the set-valued map K is compact-valued as well, it is indeed simple to demonstrate that \(L(\mu ^{*})\) is bounded for all \(\mu ^{*}\in N\). We have to show that the set-valued map L is α–ψ-contractive. To do this, we regard
for all \(\mu ^{*},\acute{\mu ^{*}}\in N\) and \(r^{*}_{1}\in L(\acute{\mu ^{*}})\), choose \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\in S_{ K,\acute{\mu ^{*}}}\) such that
for all \(a\in J\).
for all \(\mu ^{*},\acute{\mu ^{*}}\in N\) with \(G((\mu ^{*}(a),\acute{\mu ^{*}}(a)))\geq 0\) for all \(a\in J\). Therefore, an element \(\pi \in K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\) exists such that
Now assume a set-valued map \(B^{*}: J\rightarrow \mathbb{P}( N)\) which is given as follows:
for all \(a\in J\). Notice that the set-valued map \(B^{*}(\cdot )\cap K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\) is measurable because \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\) and \(\tau =\frac{\omega (a)\lambda ^{*}}{ \Vert \omega \Vert }\psi ( \vert \mu ^{*}_{1}- \acute{\mu ^{*}_{1}} \vert )\) are measurable. Now let \(\mu ^{*}_{2}\in K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\)
for all \(a\in J\). Let us define \(r^{*}_{2}\in L(a)\) by
for all \(a\in J\). Let \(\sup_{a\in J} \vert \omega (a) \vert = \Vert \omega \Vert \), then
Thus \(\alpha (\mu ^{*},\acute{\mu ^{*}})\mathbb{H}_{\mathrm{d}}(L(\mu ^{*}),L( \acute{\mu ^{*}}))\leq \psi ( \Vert \mu ^{*}-\acute{\mu ^{*}} \Vert )\) holds for all \(\mu ^{*},\acute{\mu ^{*}}\in N\), which implies that \(L(\mu ^{*})\) is an α–ψ-contractive set-valued mapping. Now, let \(\mu ^{*}\in N\) and \(\acute{\mu ^{*}}\in L\) be two functions such that \(\alpha (\mu ^{*},\acute{\mu ^{*}})\geq 1\). In this case,
So, there exists a function \(\pi \in L(\acute{\mu ^{*}})\) such that
This follows that \(\alpha (\acute{\mu ^{*}},\pi )\geq 1\), which implies that the operator L is α-admissible. Now, suppose that \(\mu ^{*}_{0}\in N\) and \(\acute{\mu ^{*}}\in L(\mu ^{*}_{0})\) are such that
for all \(a\in J\). Then we have \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{0},\acute{\mu ^{*}})\geq 1\). Let \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) be a sequence in N such that \(\mu ^{*}_{n}\rightarrow \mu ^{*}\) and \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n},\mu ^{*}_{n+1})\geq 1\) for all n. Then we get
By using \(C_{9}\) there exists a subsequence \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n_{j}}\}\) of \(\{\mu ^{*}_{n}\}\) such that
for all \(a\in J\). Thus \(\alpha (\mu ^{*}_{n},\mu ^{*})\geq 1\) for all j, which implies that the Banach space N admits (P2). As a conclusion, Theorem 4 is proved, therefore the mapping L admits a fixed point which is the solution for BVP (2). □
Theorem 8
Let \(K: J\times N\rightarrow \mathbb{P}( N)\) be a set-valued mapping. Assume that
- \(C_{12}\)::
-
There exists a nonnegative function \(\psi :[0,\infty )\rightarrow [0,\infty )\) which is nondecreasing upper semi-continuous such that \(\lim \inf_{\rightarrow \infty }(a-\psi (a))>0\) and \(\psi (a)< a\) for all \(a>0\).
- \(C_{13}\)::
-
The multifunction \(K: J\times N\rightarrow \mathbb{P}( N)\) is bounded and integrable with \(K(\cdot ,\mu ^{*}_{1'}\mu ^{*}_{2'}): J\rightarrow \mathbb{P}( N)\) is measurable for all \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\mu ^{*}_{2}\in N\).
- \(C_{14}\)::
-
There exists a nonnegative function \(\omega \in C( J,[0,\infty ))\) such that
$$ \mathbb{H}_{\mathrm{d}}^{*} \bigl( K \bigl(a,\mu ^{*}_{1} \bigr)- K \bigl(a,\acute{\mu ^{*}}_{1} \bigr) \bigr) \leq \omega (a)\lambda ^{*}\psi \bigl( \bigl\vert \mu ^{*}_{1}- \acute{\mu ^{*}}_{1} \bigr\vert \bigr) $$for all \(\mu ^{*}_{1},\acute{\mu ^{*}}_{1}\in N\).
- \(C_{15}\)::
-
L admits the approximate endpoint property. Then there exists a solution to BVP (2).
Proof
We ought to prove that the set-valued mapping \(L: N\rightarrow \mathbb{P}( N)\) has an endpoint. In the beginning, we have to make sure that \(L(\mu ^{*})\) is closed for all \(\mu ^{*}\in N\). Since the map \(a\mapsto K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\) is measurable and is closed-valued for all \(\mu ^{*} \in N\), the map K has a measurable selection, and so \(S_{ K,\mu ^{*}}\neq \emptyset \) for all \(\mu ^{*}\in N\). Following the method given in Theorem 7, we can easily show that \(L(\mu ^{*})\) is closed. Moreover, the boundedness of \(L(\mu ^{*})\) can be verified since the map K is compact. At last, we can easily observe that the inequality \(\mathbb{H}_{\mathrm{d}}(L(\mu ^{*}),L(\pi ))\leq \psi ( \Vert \mu ^{*}-\pi \Vert )\) is satisfied. Suppose that \(\mu ^{*},\pi \in N\) and \(r^{*}_{1}\in L(\pi )\). Choose \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\in S_{ K,\pi }\) such that
for all \(a\in J\). Therefore,
for all \(a\in J\), there exists \(\varpi ^{*}\in K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\) such that
Assuming a set-valued mapping \(O^{*}: J\to \mathbb{P}( N)\) defined by
The map \(\mu ^{*}_{1}\) is measurable and \(\varphi ^{*} =\omega (a)\lambda ^{*}\psi ( \vert \mu ^{*}-\pi \vert )\), therefore, the set-valued map \(O^{*}(\cdot )\cap K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\) is measurable. Now we choose \(\mu ^{*}_{2}\in K(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\) such that
for all \(a\in J\). Select \(r^{*}_{2}\in L(\mu ^{*})\) such that
for all \(a\in J\). On the lines of Theorem 8, we get
Hence, \(\mathbb{H}_{\mathrm{d}}(L(\mu ^{*}),L(\pi ))\leq \psi ( \Vert \mu ^{*}- \acute{\mu ^{*}} \Vert )\) for all \(\mu ^{*},\mu ^{*'}\in N\). By using (\(C_{15}\)) one can easily find that L has the endpoint property. Now, by using Theorem 4, there exists \(\mu ^{*}\in N\) such that \(L(\mu ^{*})=\{\mu ^{*}\}\). This implies that \(\mu ^{*}\) is a solution of BVP (2). □
5 Examples
Example 1
Consider the boundary value problem
where \(a\in [0,1]\), \(\sigma ^{*}= 1.79\), \(s_{0}=0\), \(M=1\), \(\mathcal{M}=2\), \(p_{1}=1.69\), \(p_{2}=1.93\), \(\xi _{1}=0.37\), \(\xi _{2}=0.39\), \(\beta _{1}=0.71\), \(\beta _{2}=0.85\). Here, \({}^{C}D_{0}^{1.79, \exp (a+1)}\) denotes the fractional derivative of the Caputo type of order 1.79 and \({{}^{RL}}I_{0}^{p_{i}}\) denotes the fractional integral of the Riemann–Liouville type of order \(p_{i}\). Let the continuous mapping be defined by \(\hbar (a,\mu ^{*}(a))= \frac{a\cos (a) \vert \mu ^{*}(a) \vert }{340( \vert \mu ^{*}(a) \vert +1)}\), we have
Put \(\eta ^{*}(a)=\frac{a}{340}\) for all \(a\in [0,1]\), then \(\Vert \eta ^{*} \Vert =0.00295\). Consider the continuous and nondecreasing function \(\psi : [0; 1] \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{+}\) defined by \(\psi (a) = a\) for all \(a\in \mathbb{R}^{+}\). Then we have \(\hbar ^{*}(a,\mu ^{*}(a))\leq \frac{a}{340}\psi ( \vert \mu ^{*} \vert )\) (see the comparison of Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 which is presented in Fig. 3). Then we have \(\Lambda =1.6094\) \(\Omega _{1}=5.0139\), \(\Omega _{2}=0.0098<1\). Now, by using Theorem 6, BVP has a solution.
Example 2
Consider the boundary value problem
where \(\sigma ^{*}= 1.3\), \(s_{0}=0\), \(M=3\), \(\mathcal{M}=2\), \(p_{1}=1.37\), \(p_{2}=1.82\), \(\xi _{1}=0.37\), \(\xi _{2}=0.38\), \(\beta _{1}=0.69\), \(\beta _{2}=0.72\). Here, \({}^{C}D_{0}^{1.3,\exp (a/2)}\) denotes the fractional derivative of the Caputo type of order 0.3 and \({}^{RL}I_{0}^{1.37,\exp (a/2)}\) \({}^{RL}I_{0}^{1.82,\exp (a/2)}\) denotes the fractional integrals of the Riemann–Liouville type of orders 1.37 and 1.82. Let the continuous set-valued mapping \(K:[0,3]\times \mathbb{R}\rightarrow \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{R})\) be defined by \(K(a, \mu ^{*}(a))= [a,\frac{\exp (\sqrt[3]{a}+1)}{30}+ \frac{\sqrt{\pi }\cos (\coth (a))}{2+\exp (a)}+ \frac{a\sin (a) \vert \mu ^{*}(a) \vert }{126(a+7)} ]\). For \(\mu ^{*}_{1}, \mu ^{*}_{2}\in \mathbb{R}\), we have
Choose the nonnegative function \(\omega \in C([0, 3], [0,\infty ))\) defined by \(\omega (a) =\frac{a}{63}\) for all \(a\in [0,3]\). Then \(\Vert \omega \Vert = \frac{3}{63}=0.047\). Also, consider the nonnegative and nondecreasing upper semi-continuous function \(\psi : [0,3) \rightarrow [0,3)\) defined by \(\psi (a) = \frac{a}{2}\) for almost all \(a > 0\). It is clear that \(\lim_{a\rightarrow \infty } \inf (a-\psi (a)) > 0\) and \(\psi (a) < a\) for all \(a > 0\). Then we have \(\mathbb{H}_{d} ( K(a,\mu ^{*}_{1}(a))- K(a,\mu ^{*}_{2}(a)) )\leq \omega (a)\psi ( \vert \mu ^{*}_{1}(a)-\mu ^{*}_{2}(a) \vert ) \frac{1}{\Omega _{1}}\). Then we have \(\Omega _{1}=27.2258\), \(\Lambda =3.4493\), \(\lambda ^{*}=0.0367\). Consider the operator \(L: N\to \mathbb{P}( N)\) by
where
Now, by using Theorem 8, BVP has a solution.
6 Conclusion
A number of natural phenomena emerging in science and technology are modeled by fractional differential equations (FDEs). The present study deals with a novel class of φ-CF nonlocal BVP in the fractional φ-Caputo sense equipped with φ-RLF-integral nonlocal boundary conditions. We considered the class of admissible mappings w.r.t. to the mapping α equipped with a nondecreasing control function and proved the solutions’ existence of fractional φ-BVPs (1) and (2). The requisite criteria for the existence of solution corresponding to the inclusion version of φ-BVP have been explored utilizing the AEP-property. Finally, several simulative examples have been developed to validate research findings. Indeed, one can consider more complex FDEs and FDIs involving φ-Caputo fractional derivative and even some other fractional operators with the variety of boundary conditions and can prove the solutions’ existence using fixed point theory and functional analysis.
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Iqbal, M.Q., Hussain, A. Existence criteria via α–ψ-contractive mappings of φ-fractional differential nonlocal boundary value problems. Adv Differ Equ 2021, 350 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03496-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03496-5