Abstract
The aim of this article is to discuss the uniqueness and Ulam–Hyers stability of solutions for a nonlinear fractional integro-differential equation involving a generalized Caputo fractional operator. The used fractional operator is generated by iterating a local integral of the form \((I_{a}^{\rho }f)(t)=\int _{a}^{t}f(s)s^{\rho -1}\,ds\). Our reported results are obtained in the Banach space of absolutely continuous functions that rely on Babenko’s technique and Banach’s fixed point theorem. Besides, our main findings are illustrated by some examples.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
Fractional calculus has gotten much consideration from analysts and engineers, as well as it provided important tools for various areas of applied mathematics, physics, and engineering. Fractional differential equations (FDEs) are used to study plentiful phenomena such as fluid mechanics, plasma physics, optical fibers, biology, flow in nonlinear electric circuits, nonlinear oscillations of the earthquake, mechanics, aerodynamics, regular variations in thermodynamics, etc. Actually, the transform from theoretical to the application aspect of fractional calculus was strongly apparent in the works of Bagley and Torvik in [1–3]. In this regard, the researchers studied many models and used fractional-order derivatives to describe the solution of them. For instance, studying the qualitative properties of solutions of various kinds of FDEs.
Various problems may be modeled by fractional integro-differential equations (FIDEs) such as those representing applications in science and engineering. Up to a recent time, numerous analysts and researchers have discussed the FDEs and FIDEs and got many interesting outcomes utilizing a wide range of fixed point techniques, for instance, Zhang et al. [4], Ahmad et al. [5], Benchohra et al. [6, 7], Ravichandran et al. [8], Trujillo et al. [9], and the following recent papers series [10–18].
Some similar techniques have been applied to get interesting results about some different types of FDEs, see [19–23]. The existence and stability of solutions were studied for many of FDEs with some generalized fractional operators in [24–32]. Also here we refer to some recent works that have dealt with Hadamard fractional derivative [33–39]. For instance, Li [38] investigated the uniqueness of solutions of integral equations with Hadamard-type, that is,
It is realized that the standard definitions for fractional derivatives (Caputo, Riemann–Liouville, etc.), which are introduced in the classical monographs, do not fulfill the index law. A few analysts proposed that a differential operator cannot be known as a derivative or fractional derivative if it does not fulfill the index law, see [40]. However, there are some special cases that have been studied on smooth function spaces that make these operators subject to some laws. In this regard, the considered fractional (so-called Katugampola [41, 42]) operator generalizes both the Riemann–Liouville and Hadamard fractional operators in one form, and it is also most regarding the Erdélyi–Kober fractional operator, especially, when \(\rho =1\), we get a Caputo fractional derivative, and doing \(\rho \downarrow 0\), we get a Caputo–Hadamard fractional derivative. Consequently, the current results are a generalization of the works of Li [38, 39] and inspired by [43, 44]. Motivated by the aforesaid discussion, in this research paper, we concentrate on the uniqueness and Ulam–Hyers stability results for the nonlinear FIDEs of the form
where \(0<\alpha _{i}<1\), \(i=0,1,\ldots,n\), \(n\in \mathbb{N} \), \({}^{C}D_{a}^{\rho ,\sigma }\) is the generalized Caputo fractional derivative of order \(\sigma ( >0 ) \in \{ \alpha _{i}; i=0,1,\ldots,n \} \) generated by local integrals of the form \((I_{a}^{\rho }f)(t)=\int _{a}^{t}f(s)s^{\rho -1}\,ds\), and \(\mathbb{F}:[a,b]\times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) is a continuous function.
There is an absence of various analytical strategies to obtain the qualitative properties of solutions to such problems under generalized fractional operators. To fill this vacuum, we are keen to obtain the existence of a unique solution and the Ulam–Hyers stability of a solution to (1.1). Compared with preceding investigations of such problems, (1.1) is more general because it has a generalized fractional operators. Moreover, the current results are obtained in the Banach space of absolutely continuous functions along with Banach’s fixed point technique and Babenko’s method [45].
The article is organized as follows: In Sect. 2 we present some necessary tools about the essential properties of generalized fractional operators and the abstract function spaces, in which we aim to employ our analysis techniques. Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to our main analysis results and their illustrated examples. Finally, Sect. 5 contains our short conclusion.
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we briefly recall some definitions, lemmas, properties, notations, and well-known estimations that we will use later.
Let \(-\infty < a< b<\infty \). Let \(AC [ a,b ] \) denote the space of absolutely continuous functions on \([ a,b ] \) [46]. We denote by \(L^{p} ( a,b ) \), \(p\geq 1\), the spaces of Lebesgue integrable functions on \(( a,b ) \) [46].
Definition 2.1
([46, (1,9,27), (1,9,28)])
The so-called multivariate Mittag-Leffler function \(E_{ ( a_{1},\ldots,a_{n} ) ,b} ( z_{1},\ldots,z_{n} ) \) of n complex variables \(z_{1},\ldots,z_{n}\in \mathbb{C} \) with complex parameters \(a_{1},\ldots,a_{n},b\in \mathbb{C} \) is defined by
in terms of multinomial coefficients
Theorem 2.2
([47] (Multinomial theorem))
For a positive integer n and a nonnegative integer k,
Definition 2.3
([48, (6,3,1)](Babenko’s method))
Given the FDE
where \(\alpha >0\), λ is a constant, and \(I_{0}^{\alpha }\vartheta ( \varkappa ) = \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )}\int _{0}^{\varkappa }(\varkappa -\tau )^{ \alpha -1}\vartheta (\tau )\,d\tau \). The solution of (2.2) is
where \((1+\lambda I^{\alpha })^{-1}\) denotes the left inverse operator to the operation \((1+\lambda D^{-\alpha })\). Using the binomial expansion of \((1+\lambda I^{\alpha })^{-1}\), solution (2.3) can be expressed by
Definition 2.4
([49] (Dirichlet formula))
Let f be a continuous function on \([a,b]\) and \(\alpha ,\beta >0\). Then
Define the Banach space (see [46, (1,9,27), (1,9,28)])
Next, we introduce some definitions, notation, and properties of the generalized fractional integral and derivative.
Definition 2.5
([41])
The generalized fractional integral and derivative are defined, respectively, by
and
where
Definition 2.6
([50])
The incomplete gamma function is defined by
Property 2.7
([44])
If \(\alpha \geq 0\), \(\rho >0\), and \(\beta >0\), then
The generalized fractional operators in Definition 2.5 fulfill the following properties.
Property 2.8
([51])
Let α, ρ, and \(\beta >0\). If \(\vartheta \in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \), then
and
Lemma 2.9
Let \(\alpha , \beta \in [ 0,1 ] \) and \(\rho >0\). If \(\vartheta \in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \), then
Proof
Let \(\vartheta \in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \). From Definition 2.5 and Property 2.8, we have
and
□
Lemma 2.10
Let \(\alpha , \rho >0\). Then \({}^{\rho }I_{a}^{\alpha }\) is bounded from \(AC_{0} [ a,b ] \) into \(AC_{0} [ a,b ] \) and
Proof
Let \(\vartheta \in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \). Then
From Definition 2.5, we obtain
Using Dirichlet’s formula (2.5), we obtain
□
Next, we prove the following useful lemma.
Lemma 2.11
If \(\alpha \geq 0\), \(\rho >0\), then
Proof
By Definition 2.5, we have
Making the change of the variable
Therefore,
Let \(r=\rho s\). Then
Using Definition 2.6, we get
□
3 Main results
Theorem 3.1
Suppose \(a_{i}\in \mathbb{C} \) (\(i=0,1,\ldots,n-1\)) with \(0<\alpha _{0}<\alpha _{1}<\cdots<\alpha _{n}<1\). If \(g\in AC_{0}[a,b]\), then the linear problem
has a solution
Proof
Applying \({}^{\rho }I_{a}^{\alpha _{n}}\) to both sides of (3.1), we find that
Using Lemma 2.9, we obtain
By noting that \(\varpi ( a ) =0\) and \(0<\alpha _{0}<\alpha _{1}<\cdots<\alpha _{n}<1\), then
Thanks to Babenko’s method, we have
Multinomial theorem and Property 2.8 give
By taking the limit as \(\varkappa \rightarrow a\), we obtain \(\varpi ( a ) =0\). It remains to show that the series converges in the space \(AC_{0}[a,b]\) and is absolutely continuous on \([ a,b ] \). By Lemma 2.10
where
Then
where
is the value at
of the multivariate Mittag-Leffler function \(E_{ ( \alpha _{n}-\alpha _{n-1},\ldots,\alpha _{n}-\alpha _{0}, \alpha _{n}+1 ) } ( v_{1},\ldots,v_{n} ) \) defined by Eq. (2.1). Thus, the series to the right of Eq. (3.2) is convergent. Clearly, \(\varpi (\varkappa )\in AC [ a,b ] \) since \(g\in AC [ a,b ] \). To confirm that the acquired series is a solution, we substitute it into the left-hand side of Eq. (3.1) as follows:
by the deletion. Observe that all series are absolutely convergent and the term rearrangements are possible for the deletion. In fact,
The remnant terms cancel each other comparatively. Obviously, the uniqueness follows directly from the fact that
only has solution zero by Babenko’s approach. This finalizes the proof. □
Remark 3.2
A solution of Eq. (3.1) in \(AC_{0} [ a,b ] \) is said to be stable if \(\forall \epsilon >0\) \(\exists \delta >0\) such that \(\Vert \varpi \Vert _{0}<\epsilon \) if \(\Vert g \Vert _{0}<\delta \). Applying the inequality
we obtain that ϖ is stable.
Example 3.3
The Katugampola-type FIDE
has the solution
in \(AC_{0}[a,b]\). Indeed, in view of Theorem 3.1, we have
Using Property 2.7, we obtain
Example 3.4
The Katugampola-type FIDE
has the solution
in \(AC_{0}[a,b]\). Indeed, according to Theorem 3.1, we obtain
Using Lemma 2.11, we get
The next theorem proves the uniqueness result of Eq. (1.1).
Theorem 3.5
Suppose that \(\mathbb{F}: [ a,b ] \times \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} \) is a continuous function, and there exists a constant C such that
In addition, if
then problem FIDE (1.1) has a unique solution on \(AC_{0} [ a,b ] \).
Proof
Define the operator \(\mathfrak{L}\) on \(AC_{0} [ a,b ] \) by
Let \(\varpi \in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \). Then
as \(\varpi ^{\prime } ( \tau ) \in L ( a,b ) \) and \(\mathbb{F} ( \tau ,\varpi ^{\prime } ( \tau ) ) \in L ( a,b ) \). Obviously,
Inequality (3.4) shows that
Moreover, \(\mathfrak{L} ( \varpi ) \) is absolutely continuous on \([ a,b ] \) by Theorem 3.1. Consequently, \(\mathfrak{L}:AC_{0} [ a,b ] \rightarrow AC_{0} [ a,b ] \). It remains to show that \(\mathfrak{L}\) is a contraction. To this end, let \(\varpi ,\varpi ^{\ast }\in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \). Then
Since
we get
Inequality (3.5) shows that \(\mathfrak{L}\) is contractive. The proof is done. □
4 Ulam–Hyers stability (UHS)
Here, we develop and give some recent results on the UHS and generalized UHS of system (1.1). For \(\epsilon >0\) and \(\varpi _{1}\in AC_{0}[a,b] \), we consider the following inequality:
Remark 4.1
Let \(\epsilon >0\). The function \(\varpi _{1}\in AC_{0}[a,b]\) satisfies (4.1) if and only if there exists a small perturbation \(\zeta (\varkappa )\in AC_{0}[a,b]\) with \(\zeta (0)=0\) such that
-
(i)
\(\Vert \zeta \Vert _{0}=\int _{a}^{\varkappa } \vert \zeta ^{\prime }(\tau ) \vert \,d\tau \leq \epsilon \), for \(\varkappa \in {}[ a,b]\),
-
(ii)
For \(\varkappa \in {}[ a,b]\),
$$ \textstyle\begin{cases} {}^{C}D_{a}^{\rho ,\alpha _{n}}\varpi _{1} ( \varkappa ) +a_{n-1} {}^{C}D_{a}^{\rho ,\alpha _{n-1}}\varpi _{1} ( \varkappa ) +\cdots+ a_{0} {}^{C}D_{a}^{\rho ,\alpha _{0}}\varpi _{1} ( \varkappa ) \\ \quad =\int _{a}^{\varkappa }\mathbb{F} ( \tau ,\varpi _{1}^{ \prime } ( \tau ) )\,d\tau +\int _{a}^{ \varkappa } \vert \zeta ^{\prime }(\tau ) \vert \,d\tau .\end{cases} $$(4.2)
Lemma 4.2
The solution of perturbed problem (4.2) with the condition \(\varpi _{1} ( a ) =0\) satisfies the following inequality:
where
and κ is defined by (3.3).
Proof
By Theorem 3.1, the solution of perturbed problem (4.2) is given by
From Eq. (4.3), Remark 4.1, and Eq. (3.4), we get
□
Theorem 4.3
(UHS)
Assume that the assumptions of Theorem 3.5and (4.1) hold. Then problem (1.1) is UH stable.
Proof
Let \(\epsilon >0 \) and \(\varpi _{1}\in AC_{0}[a,b]\) satisfy (4.1), and let \(\varpi \in AC_{0}[a,b]\) be a unique solution of
that is,
Since \(\varpi ( a ) =\varpi _{1} ( a ) =0\), we get
By virtue of Lemma 4.2 and Eq. (3.4), we have
Using the assumptions of Theorem 3.5, we obtain
Consequently,
By dint of inequality (3.5), we conclude that
where \(C_{\mathbb{F}}:=\frac{\mathfrak{R}}{1-\mathfrak{R}C}\) and
□
Conclusion 4.4
Under assumptions of Theorem 4.3, if we set \(\Phi (\epsilon )=C_{\mathbb{F}}\epsilon \) such that \(\Phi (0)=0\), then problem (1.1) is generalized Ulam–Hyers stable.
Example 4.5
Let \(a=1\) and \(b=\sqrt[\rho ]{1+\rho }\). Then there is a unique solution for the following Katugampola-type FIDE:
where the constant C is to be determined.
Clearly, the function
is a continuous function from \([ 1,\sqrt[\rho ]{1+\rho } ] \times \mathbb{R} \) to \(\mathbb{R} \) and satisfies
Obviously \(\frac{b^{\rho }-a^{\rho }}{\rho }=1\) and
Then we choose a positive C such that
According to Theorem 3.5, Eq. (4.4) has a unique solution.
Furthermore, by Theorem 4.3, for any solution \(\varpi _{1} ( \varkappa ) \in AC_{0}[a,b]\) of the inequality
there exists a unique solution \(\varpi ( \varkappa ) \in AC_{0}[a,b]\) of Eq. (4.4) such that
where \(C_{\mathbb{F}}:=\frac{\mathfrak{R}}{1-\mathfrak{R}C}>0\), \(\mathfrak{R}=\kappa E_{ ( 0.5,0.6,0.8,1.9 ) } ( 1,1,1 ) \), and \(\kappa =\frac{1}{\Gamma ( 0.5\jmath _{1}+0.6\jmath _{2}+0.8\jmath _{3}+1.9 ) }\). Hence Eq. (4.4) is UH stable.
Remark 4.6
The results obtained in this work will remain valid if we use generalized Riemann–Liouville-type instead of generalized Caputo-type in the proposed problem (1.1). Specifically, in problem (1.1), if we replace Caputo derivatives with Riemann–Liouville derivatives, then Lemma 2.9 is valid with respect to \({}^{RL}D_{a}^{\rho ,\alpha }(\cdot)\), due to \(\vartheta ( a ) =0\) whenever \(\vartheta \in AC_{0} [ a,b ] \).
5 Conclusions
Using the Banach space \(AC_{0}[a,b]\), Banach’s fixed point technique, and Babenko’s method, we have obtained the uniqueness of solutions for nonlinear FIDE (1.1) with generalized Caputo fractional derivatives. Moreover, we have proven various types of stability analysis of the suggested problem. Also, some pertinent examples are given to substantiate the main results. The reported results in this study extend and develop the presented study by Li [38].
As future work, we are thinking of extending the current results to include more generalized operators such as ψ-Caputo [52].
Availability of data and materials
This is not applicable in our paper.
References
Bagley, R.L., Torvik, P.J.: A theoretical basis for the application of fractional calculus to viscoelasticity. J. Rheol. 27, 201–210 (1983)
Bagley, R.L., Torvik, P.J.: A different approach to the analysis of viscoelastically damped structures. AIAA J. 21, 741–748 (1983)
Bagley, R.L., Torvik, P.J.: On the appearance of the fractional derivative in the behavior of real material. J. Appl. Mech. 51, 294–298 (1983)
Zhang, L., Ahmad, B., Wang, G., Agarwal, R.P.: Nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations on unbounded domains in a Banach space. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 249, 51–56 (2013)
Ahmad, B., Ntouyas, S.K.: On Hadamard fractional integro-differential boundary value problems. J. Appl. Math. Comput. 47(1), 119–131 (2015)
Benchohra, M., Ntouyas, S.K.: Nonlocal Cauchy problems for neutral functional differential and integrodifferential inclusions in Banach spaces. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 258(2), 573–590 (2001)
Benchohra, M., Bouriah, S., Nieto Roig, J.J.: Existence and Ulam stability for nonlinear implicit differential equations with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative. Demonstr. Math. 52(1), 437–450 (2019)
Ravichandran, C., Logeswari, K., Jarad, F.: New results on existence in the framework of Atangana–Baleanu derivative for fractional integro-differential equations. Chaos Solitons Fractals 125, 194–200 (2019)
Aghajani, A., Jalilian, Y., Trujillo, J.J.: On the existence of solutions of fractional integro-differential equations. Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 15(1), 44–69 (2012)
Khan, A., Li, Y., Shah, K., Khan, T.S.: On coupled p-Laplacian fractional differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions. Complexity 2017, Article ID 8197610 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8197610
Hasib, K., Wen, C., Aziz, K., Tahir, S.K., Qasem, M.A.: Hyers–Ulam stability and existence criteria for coupled fractional differential equations involving p-Laplacian operator. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2018, 455 (2018)
Ardjouni, A.: Asymptotic stability in Caputo–Hadamard fractional dynamic equations. Results Nonlinear Anal. 4(2), 77–86 (2021)
Fatima, S.B., Saïd, A., Maamar, B., Mouffak, B.: Hilfer–Hadamard fractional differential equations; existence and attractivity. Adv. Theory Nonlinear Anal. Appl. 5(1), 49–57 (2021)
Tuan, N.H., Baleanu, D., Thach, T.N., O’Regan, D., Can, N.H.: Final value problem for nonlinear time fractional reaction-diffusion equation with discrete data. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 376, 112883 (2020)
Mohamed, H.: Existence of solutions for a coupled system of Caputo–Hadamard type fractional differential equations with Hadamard fractional integral conditions. Adv. Theory Nonlinear Anal. Appl. 5(3), 316–329 (2021)
Redhwan, S.S., Shaikh, S.L., Abdo, M.S.: Implicit fractional differential equation with anti-periodic boundary condition involving Caputo–Katugampola type. AIMS Math. 5(4), 3714–3730 (2020)
Afshari, H., Kalantari, S., Karapınar, E.: Solution of fractional differential equations via coupled fixed point. Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2015(286), 1 (2015)
Abdo, M.S., Abdeljawad, T., Shah, K., Jarad, F.: Study of impulsive problems under Mittag-Leffler power law. Heliyon 6(10), e05109 (2020)
Sevinik, A.R., Aksoy, Ü., Karapınar, E., Erhan, İ.M.: On the solution of a boundary value problem associated with a fractional differential equation. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/mma.6652
Afshari, H., Kalantari, S., Karapınar, E.: Solution of fractional differential equations via coupled fixed point. Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2015, 286 (2015)
Alqahtani, B., Aydi, H., Karapınar, E., Rakočević, V.: A solution for Volterra fractional integral equations by hybrid contractions. Mathematics 7(8), 694 (2019)
Karapınar, E., Fulga, A., Rashid, M., Shahid, L., Aydi, H.: Large contractions on quasi-metric spaces with an application to nonlinear fractional differential equations. Mathematics 7(5), 444 (2019)
Abdeljawad, T., Agarwal, R.P., Karapınar, E., Kumari, P.S.: Solutions of the nonlinear integral equation and fractional differential equation using the technique of a fixed point with a numerical experiment in extended b-metric space. Symmetry 11(5), 686 (2019)
Almalahi, M.A., Panchal, S.K.: Some existence and stability results for ψ-Hilfer fractional implicit differential equation with periodic conditions. J. Math. Anal. Model. 1(1), 1–19 (2020)
Abdo, M.S., Abdeljawad, T., Ali, S.M., Shah, K.: On fractional boundary value problems involving fractional derivatives with Mittag-Leffler kernel and nonlinear integral conditions. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2021, 37 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-03196-6
Abdo, M.S., Panchal, S.K., Wahash, H.A.: Ulam–Hyers–Mittag-Leffler stability for a ψ-Hilfer problem with fractional order and infinite delay. Results Appl. Math. 7, 100115 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinam.2020.100115
Abdo, M.S., Thabet, S.T., Ahmad, B.: The existence and Ulam–Hyers stability results for ψ-Hilfer fractional integrodifferential equations. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 11(4), 1757–1780 (2020)
Abdo, M.S., Panchal, S.K.: Some new uniqueness results of solutions to nonlinear fractional integro-differential equations. Ann. Pure Appl. Math. 16(2), 345–352 (2018)
Abdo, M.S.: Further results on the existence of solutions for generalized fractional quadratic functional integral equations. J. Math. Anal. Model. 1(1), 33–46 (2020)
Zidane, B., Choukri, D., Mouffak, B.: ψ-Caputo fractional differential equations with multi-point boundary conditions by topological degree theory. Results Nonlinear Anal. 3(4), 166–178 (2020)
Afshari, H., Karapınar, E.: A discussion on the existence of positive solutions of the boundary value problems via ψ-Hilfer fractional derivative on b-metric spaces. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2020, 616 (2020)
Abbas, M.I.: On the nonlinear sequential ψ-Hilfer fractional differential equations. Int. J. Math. Anal. 14, 77–90 (2020)
Kassim, M.D., Furati, K.M., Tatar, N.E.: On a differential equation involving Hilfer–Hadamard fractional derivative. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2012, 391062 (2012)
Kassim, M.D., Tatar, N.E.: Well-posedness and stability for a differential problem with Hilfer–Hadamard fractional derivative. Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2013, 605029 (2013)
Kassim, M.D., Furati, K.M., Tatar, N.E.: Asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear fractional differential equations. Math. Model. Anal. 21(5), 610–629 (2016)
Kassim, M.D., Furati, K.M., Tatar, N.E.: Asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear initial-value fractional differential problems. Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 291, 1 (2016)
Kassim, M.D., Tatar, N.E.: Stability of logarithmic type for a Hadamard fractional differential problem. J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl. 11, 447–466 (2020)
Li, C.: Uniqueness of the Hadamard-type integral equations. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2021(1), 1 (2021)
Li, C.: On the nonlinear Hadamard-type integro-differential equation. Fixed Point Theory Algorithms Sci. Eng. 2021(1), 1–15 (2021)
Cao Labora, D., Rodríguez López, R., Nieto Roig, J.J.: Is it possible to construct a fractional derivative such that the index law holds? Prog. Fract. Differ. Appl. 4(1), 1–3 (2018)
Katugampola, U.: A new approach to a generalized fractional integral. Appl. Math. Comput. 218, 860–865 (2011)
Katugampola, U.N.: A new approach to generalized fractional derivatives. Bull. Math. Anal. Appl. 6(4), 1–15 (2014)
Almeida, R.: A Gronwall inequality for a general Caputo fractional operator. Math. Inequal. Appl. 20(4), 1089–1105 (2017)
Almeida, R., Malinowska, A.B., Odzijewicz, T.: Fractional differential equations with dependence on the Caputo–Katugampola derivative. J. Comput. Nonlinear Dyn. 11, 061017 (2016)
Babenkos, Y.I.: Heat and Mass Transfer. Khimiya, Leningrad (1986) (in Russian)
Kilbas, A.A., Srivastava, H.M., Trujillo, J.J.: Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. North-Holland Mathematics Studies, vol. 204. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
Kataria, K.K.: A probabilistic proof of the multinomial theorem. Am. Math. Mon. 123(1), 94–96 (2016)
Podlubny, I.: Fractional Differential Equations. Academic Press, New York (1999)
Samko, S.G., Kilbas, A.A., Marichev, O.I.: Fractional Integrals and Derivatives: Theory and Applications. Gordon & Breach, New York (1993)
Gradshteyn, I.S., Ryzhik, I.M.: Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products. Academic Press, New York (1980)
Oliveira, D.S., de Oliveira, E.C.: Hilfer–Katugampola fractional derivative. Comput. Appl. Math. 37, 3672–3690 (2018)
Almeida, R.: A Caputo fractional derivative of a function with respect to another function. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 44, 460–481 (2017)
Acknowledgements
The authors T. Abdeljawad and W. Shatanawi would like to thank Prince Sultan University for the moral support to this work through the research group Nonlinear Analysis Methods in Applied Mathematics (NAMAM) group number RG-DES-2017-01-17. The authors also thank the reviewers for their valuable remarks on our work.
Funding
Funding source is not available.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed this manuscript and approved the final version.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Kassim, M.D., Abdeljawad, T., Shatanawi, W. et al. A qualitative study on generalized Caputo fractional integro-differential equations. Adv Differ Equ 2021, 375 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03530-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-021-03530-6