Table 3 Dietary intakes of the study participants across quartiles of macronutrient quality index (MQI) and dietary diabetes risk reduction score (DDRRS)
From: Exploring metabolic syndrome and dietary quality in Iranian adults: a cross-sectional study
Quartiles of MQI | Quartiles of DDRRS | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P* | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P* | |
DDRS component | ||||||||||
Cereal fiber (g) | 78.7 ± 76.2 | 91.5 ± 87.5 | 98.8 ± 98.5 | 120.9 ± 124.1 | < 0.001 | 84.6 ± 96.9 | 96.1 ± 103.7 | 101.6 ± 100.8 | 109.1 ± 98.9 | < 0.001 |
Coffee (g) | 2.9 ± 5.7 | 3.8 ± 7.5 | 3.7 ± 8.7 | 4.3 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 | 1.9 ± 4.5 | 2.8 ± 5.8 | 3.7 ± 7.6 | 6.1 ± 11.2 | < 0.001 |
PUFA/SFA ratio | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
Nuts (g) | 5.6 ± 5.6 | 7.2 ± 7.2 | 8.9 ± 8.6 | 14.2 ± 16.4 | < 0.001 | 4.1 ± 5.1 | 6.5 ± 6.9 | 9.8 ± 10.4 | 14.9 ± 14.2 | < 0.001 |
Red and processed meat (g) | 50.8 ± 38.1 | 46.6 ± 37.2 | 40.9 ± 29.1 | 31.1 ± 21.5 | < 0.001 | 55.8 ± 38.1 | 47.1 ± 35.6 | 38.3 ± 27.4 | 29.7 ± 22.2 | < 0.001 |
Glycemic index | 67.8 ± 10.1 | 66.8 ± 9.7 | 65.6 ± 9.9 | 63.9 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 | 70.7 ± 9.3 | 67.8 ± 9.5 | 65.1 ± 9.8 | 61.3 ± 9.3 | < 0.001 |
Sugar-sweetened beverages | 70.3 ± 95.7 | 71.2 ± 87.2 | 64.4 ± 84.0 | 56.1 ± 80.4 | < 0.001 | 100.3 ± 103.4 | 73.5 ± 88.9 | 59.9 ± 78.2 | 36.3 ± 65.5 | < 0.001 |
Trans fatty acids (% energy) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.004 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | < 0.001 |
MQI component | ||||||||||
Carbohydrate quality index (CQI) | 9.9208 ± 1.7589 | 11.2804 ± 2.1821 | 12.6953 ± 2.2202 | 14.4637 ± 1.8145 | < 0.001 | 10.9336 ± 2.4458 | 11.6911 ± 2.3512 | 12.4429 ± 2.3672 | 13.7498 ± 2.3168 | < 0.001 |
Fat quality index (FQI) | 1.1126 ± 0.1742 | 1.2857 ± 0.2998 | 1.4396 ± 0.3063 | 1.7565 ± 0.3967 | < 0.001 | 1.2386 ± 0.3019 | 1.2367 ± 0.3033 | 1.4533 ± 0.3670 | 1.6135 ± 0.4193 | < 0.001 |
Healthy Plate Protein (HPPQI) | 1.1157 ± 0.4221 | 1.6879 ± 1.6073 | 2.3650 ± 2.1943 | 3.6986 ± 3.2061 | < 0.001 | 1.9488 ± 2.0623 | 2.0315 ± 1.7176 | 2.2316 ± 2.7141 | 2.8269 ± 2.5439 | < 0.001 |
Other nutritional factors | ||||||||||
Total energy (kcal) | 2217.5 ± 623.5 | 2351.5 ± 662.3 | 2455.1 ± 683.9 | 2519.6 ± 674.1 | < 0.001 | 2509.7 ± 688.4 | 2446.3 ± 695.6 | 2370.4 ± 670.5 | 2328.9 ± 634.9 | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 56.8 ± 6.3 | 58.2 ± 6.1 | 59.4 ± 6.1 | 61.1 ± 6.2 | < 0.001 | 57.2 ± 6.2 | 58.5 ± 6.1 | 59.4 ± 6.2 | 60.7 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
Protein (%) | 13.9 ± 2.1 | 13.9 ± 1.9 | 13.9 ± 1.9 | 14.1 ± 2.1 | 0.013 | 14.3 ± 2.1 | 14.1 ± 1.9 | 13.9 ± 1.9 | 13.8 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
Fat (%) | 31.5 ± 5.7 | 30.3 ± 5.8 | 29.3 ± 5.5 | 28.1 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 | 30.3 ± 5.9 | 29.7 ± 5.7 | 29.6 ± 5.8 | 29.1 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |