Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess genotype by environment interaction for grain yield, plant height and thousand-grain weight in winter triticale cultivars by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The study comprised of ten winter triticale varieties i.e.: Algoso, Baltiko, Grenado, Magnat, Moderato, Pawo, Todan, Trimester, Trismart and Witon. Field trials were performed at seven locations in three years (21 environments) in a randomized complete block design, with two replicates at two levels of cultivation technology (standard – A1 and intensive – A2). Field experiments were carried out as part of Post Registration Variety Trials in Wielkopolska region. AMMI analyses revealed significant genotype and environmental effects as well as genotype by environmental interaction with respect to all three observed traits in both levels of cultivation intensity. The cultivars Algoso, Baltiko and Trimester are recommended for further inclusion in the breeding programs because of their stability and good average values of observed traits.
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Introduction
Every year, several new varieties are entered in the National List of Registered Agricultural Plant Varieties admitted to use in Poland. In many works in the fields of agronomy, agriculture and biology, there is a need to study the impact of variety, agricultural technology, and the locations on the yield of plants. Such studies in Poland allow Post-Registering Variety Trials (PDO) experiments (Weber et al. 2017). Research conducted in the PDO system is focused on the needs of agricultural practice (Bujak et al. 2013). The main goal of PDO research is to help farmers correctly select the most valuable varieties for cultivation, adapted to local conditions (Padarewski and Rodrigues 2014; Derejko et al. 2016).
The area of winter triticale cultivation is about 3.5 million ha in the world, of which in Poland this cereal covers about 1.2 million ha, which is 1/3 of the total area of the world's crops. This makes our country the largest producer of triticale in the world. The share of winter triticale in Poland in the structure of crops of cereals with cereal mixtures was approximately 18%. Winter triticale is primarily a forage grain and its main advantages are high yield potential and very high forage value. An additional advantage is the possibility of sowing on weaker soils. Triticale is one of the tolerant plants the soil abundance in minerals and acidification. The spring thermal requirements of this cereal are greater than that of rye. Winter triticale later start with vegetation and has a slower growth dynamics in early spring than winter wheat. In the critical period (shooting—heading), the optimum temperature is 6–8 ºC, and during the formation of grain—16–18 ºC. Most important diseases and pest occurred on triticale are Fusarium spp., Blumeria graminis, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Puccinia recondita, and Phaeosphaeria nodorum. Most important pests occurred on triticale are Aphidoidea, Oulema spp., Oscinella frit and Agromyzidae.
In field crop trials, the response of quantitative traits to varied environmental conditions is determined by the additive main effects of genotype (G) and environmental conditions (E), as well as by non-additive effects of genotype-by-environment interactions (GEI). These interactions are well described by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model (Zobel et al. 1988). The AMMI model combines the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with additive parameters and the principal component analysis (PCA) with multiplicative parameters in a single analysis. AMMI model is most useful when multiplicative GE terms have agricultural interpretability (Ghaed-Rahimi et al. 2015; Shahriari 2018; Bocianowski et al. 2019b; Singh et al. 2019). The AMMI is, therefore, also known as interaction PCA (Gauch and Zobel 1990).
The aim of this paper was to assess genotype by environment interaction for three traits (grain yield, plant height and thousand-grain weight) in winter triticale cultivars at two levels of cultivation intensity grown in 21 environments by the AMMI model.
Material and methods
Field experiments
Field experiments were conducted at seven locations (Wielkopolska region, Poland) of different soil and weather conditions. Soil conditions locations were varied, soils were included in the bonitation classes from II to IVa, e.g.: Kościelna Wieś – bonitation class IIIa, Bobrowniki –IVa, Śrem –IIIb, Nowa Wieś Ujska –IVa, Borowo – II, Choryń –IIIa, Winna Góra –IIIa. The experiments were carried out during three vegetation seasons (2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/2010) using ten winter triticale varieties (Algoso, Baltiko, Grenado, Magnat, Moderato, Pawo, Todan, Trimester, Trismart and Witon) accepted for research as part of PDO trials in a randomized complete block design, with two replicates. Ten winter triticale cultivars analyzed in paper were on official list of Variety Protected By National Plant Breeders´ Right (PBR) in years of field experiments. Only variety Trimester was not registered at the Polish National List, in PDO trials variety was tested as a variety registered at the Common catalogue of varieties of agricultural plant species (CCA). The research material selected for the experiments is determined at the annual meetings of the PDO team for each voivodeship. The cultivar selection criteria are factors such as the cultivation acreage of a given cultivar, resistance, and yielding. Two levels of technology were used: standard (A1) and intensive (A2). Intensive technology is characterized by increased nitrogen fertilization, foliar multi-component preparations, protection against lodging and pests. In experiment we observed three quantitative traits: grain yield [in t ha−1], plant height [in cm] and thousand-grain weight [in g].
Statistical analysis
Obtained data were analysed using AMMI model (Gauch and Zobel 1990) for each trait and for two levels of technology, independently. The AMMI model first fits additive effects for the main effects of genotypes (G) and environments (E) followed by multiplicative effects for GEI by PCA. Environments were defined as combinations of locations and years. Results of AMMI analysis were presented by biplot graphs. The AMMI model (Nowosad et al. 2016) is given by:
where yge is the trait mean of genotype g in environment e, μ is the grand mean, αg is the genotypic mean deviations, βe is the environmental mean deviations, N is the number of PCA axis retained in the adjusted model, λn is the eigenvalue of the PCA axis n, γgn is the genotype score for PCA axis n, δen is the score eigenvector for PCA axis n, Qge is the residual, including AMMI noise and pooled experimental error. The AMMI stability value (ASV) was used to compare the stability of genotype as described by Purchase et al. (2000):
where SSIPCA1 is the sum of squares for IPCA1, SSIPCA2 – the sum of squares for IPCA2, the IPCA1 and IPCA2 scores are the genotypic scores in the AMMI model. Lower ASV score indicate a more stable genotype across environments (Nowosad et al. 2017).
Genotype selection index (GSI) was calculated for each cultivar which incorporates both mean of trait and ASV index in single criteria (GSIi) as (Farshadfar and Sutka 2003)
where RMi is rank of trait mean (from maximal to minimal for grain yield and thousand-grain weight, and from minimal to maximal for plant height) for i-th cultivar, RAi is rank of the ASV for the i-th cultivar. Finally, total genotype selection index (TGSI) was calculated for each cultivar as sum of GSIs for all five traits of study, independently for A1 and A2 as well as for both levels of cultivation intensity.
The relationships between the particular traits (grain yield, plant height and thousand-grain weight) observed in different environments independently for two levels of cultivation technology (standard – A1 and intensive – A2) were assessed based on Pearson’s correlation coefficients. These relationships were presented in the form of heatmaps. All the analyses were conducted using the GenStat v. 18 statistical software package.
Results
Grain yield
A1
The three sources of variation were highly significant. In the analysis of variance, the sum of squares for environment main effect represented 21.20% of the total grain yield (in A1) variation. Environmental factors like weather, mainly temperature, rainfall influenced the condition of plants, and thus their susceptibility to diseases or pests occurrence. During the years of experiments, there were favorable meteorological conditions for the development of triticale. The variability of the yield and the weight of a thousand grains was determined by the variety genotype (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). The differences between genotypes explained 3.20% of the total grain yield variation, while the effects of GE interaction explained 71.0% (Table 1). Values for the three principal components were also highly significant and accounted jointly for 75.45% of the whole effect it had on the variation of grain yield. The first principal component (IPCA 1) accounted for 47.50% of the variation caused by interaction, while IPCA 2 and IPCA 3 accounted for 18.04 and 9.91%, respectively. Grain yield of the tested genotypes varied from 2.60 (for Grenado in E18) to 15.15 t ha−1 (for Pawo in E17) throughout the 21 environments, with an average of 12.20 t ha−1 (Table 2). The cultivar Trimester had the highest average grain yield (10.53 t ha−1), and the Grenado had the lowest (9.01 t ha−1). The average grain yield per environments also varied from 6.65 t ha−1 in E06, to 13.36 t ha−1 E21 (Table 2). Genotype stability is considered as non significant reaction to changing environmental conditions, agronomic factors, weather conditions, biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, climatic conditions were the source of this variation component. The stability of tested cultivars can be evaluated according to biplot for grain yield (Fig. 8). Winter triticale cultivars interacted differently with climate conditions in the observed environments. The cultivars Magnat, Tristan and Witon interacted positively with the E03 and E06 environments, but negatively with the E09, E14 and E17 (Fig. 8). The cultivars Moderato, Todan and Trimester interacted positively with the E09, E14 and E17 environments, but negatively with the E01, E03 and E09. The analysis showed that some cultivars have high adaptation; however, most of them have specific adaptability. AMMI stability values (ASV) revealed variations in grain yield stability among the ten cultivars (Table 2). According to Purchase et al. (2000), a stable variety is defined as one with ASV value close to zero. Consequently, the cultivars Algoso and Baltiko with ASV of, respectively, 0.419 and 0.451, were the most stable, while the cultivars Grenado (8.224) and Trismart (2.347) were the least stable (Table 2). The cultivars Algoso and Trimester with high average grain yield (10.41 and 10.53 t ha−1, respectively) and ASV equal to, respectively, 0.419 and 0.900 are cultivars with the best genotype selection index (4).
A2
The sum of squares for environment main effect represented 83.78% of the grain yield variation. The differences between cultivars explained 1.18% of the grain yield variation, while the effects of GE interaction explained 12.51% (Table 1). Values for the three principal components were also highly significant and accounted jointly for 68.81% of the whole effect it had on the variation of grain yield (in A2). The IPCA 1 accounted for 34.41% of the variation caused by interaction, while IPCA 2 and IPCA 3 accounted for 19.35 and 15.05%, respectively. Grain yield of the tested cultivars varied from 5.60 (for Grenado in E03) to 17.75 t ha−1 (for Witon in E18) throughout the 21 environments, with an average of 12.20 t ha−1 (Table 3). The Algoso the highest average grain yield (12.75 t ha−1), and the cultivar Grenadohad the lowest (11.45 t ha−1). The average grain yield per environments also varied from 8.54 t ha−1 in E01, to 16.88 t ha−1 in E18. The cultivars Tristan and Witon interacted positively with the E02, E06 and E12 environments, but negatively with the E16 and E21 (Fig. 9). The cultivars Baltiko, Magnat, Moderato, Todan and Trimester interacted positively with the E07, E09, E14, E16, E18 and E21 environments, but negatively with the E02 and E14. The cultivar Grenado interacted positively with the E08, E19 and E20 environments, but negatively with the E03 and E15. The cultivars Magnat and Trimester with ASV of, respectively, 0.578 and 0.643, were the most stable, while the cultivars Grenado (4.847) and Witon (1.923) were the least stable (Table 3). The cultivars Algoso and Todan with the average grain yield equal to 12.75 and 12.34 t ha−1, respectively, and ASV equal to 0.832 and 0.710, respectively, are cultivars with the best genotype selection index (6).
Plant height
A1
The three sources of variation were highly significant. In the analysis of variance, the sum of squares for environment main effect represented 31.66% of the total plant height variation. The differences between genotypes explained 47.43% of the total plant height variation, while the effects of GE interaction explained 12.49% (Table 1). Values for the first two principal components were also highly significant and accounted jointly for 67.44% of the whole effect it had on the variation of plant height. The first principal component (IPCA 1) accounted for 38.87% of the variation caused by interaction, while IPCA 2 accounted for 28.57%. Plant height of the tested cultivars varied from 79 (for Grenado in E15) to 156 cm (for Witon in E11) throughout the 21 environments, with an average of 115.1 cm (Table 4). The cultivar Moderato had the highest average plant height (126.3 cm), and the cultivar Baltiko had the lowest (97 cm). The average plant height per environments also varied from 101.2 cm in E15, to 130.8 cm in E10. The stability of tested cultivars can be evaluated according to biplot for plant height (Fig. 10). Winter triticale cultivars interacted differently with climate conditions in the observed environments. The cultivars Baltiko, Grenado and Trimester interacted positively with the E02 and E10 environments, but negatively with the E09, E12 and E18 (Fig. 10). The cultivars Moderato, Pawo and Todan interacted positively with the E06, E09, E12 and E18 environments, but negatively with the E02. The cultivar Witon interacted positively with the E11 environment. AMMI stability values (ASV) revealed variations in plant height stability among the ten cultivars (Table 4). The cultivars Algoso and Trismart with ASV of 0.957 and 1.919, respectively, were the most stable, while the cultivars Witon (7.860) and Moderato (4.283) were the least stable (Table 4). The cultivar Baltiko with the lowest average plant height (97 cm) and ASV equal to 1.928 is genotype with the best genotype selection index (4) (Table 4).
A2
The three sources of variation for the plant height were highly significant. In the ANOVA, the sum of squares for environment main effect represented 41.17% of the total plant height variation. The differences between genotypes explained 40.85% of the total plant height variation, while the effects of GE interaction explained 12.39% (Table 1). Values for the three principal components were also highly significant and accounted jointly for 72.59% of the whole effect it had on the variation of plant height. The first principal component (IPCA 1) accounted for 46.16% of the variation caused by interaction, while IPCA 2 and IPCA 3 accounted for 16.35 and 10.07%, respectively. Plant height of the tested cultivars varied from 76 (for Baltiko and Grenado in E15) to 137 cm (for Moderato in E09 and E12 as well as for Trismart in E16) throughout the 21 environments, with an average of 110.3 cm (Table 5). The cultivar Moderato had the highest average plant height (122 cm), and the cultivar Baltiko had the lowest (95.1 cm). The average plant height per environments also varied from 89.9 cm in E15, to 124.5 cm in E10. The stability of tested cultivars can be evaluated according to biplot for plant height (Fig. 11). The cultivars Moderato and Todan interacted positively with the E03, E12 and E21 environments, but negatively with the E02, and E08 (Fig. 11). The cultivars Baltiko and Magnat interacted positively with the E01 and E08 environments, whereas Trimester and Witon with the E11 and E14. The cultivar Algoso with ASV of 1.039, was the most stable, while the cultivars 11.238 (11.238) and Todan (9.048) were the least stable (Table 5). The cultivar Witon with low average plant height (108.7 cm) and ASV equal to 2.276 is cultivar with the best genotype selection index (7).
Thousand-grain weight
A1
In the ANOVA, the sum of squares for cultivars main effect represented 17.21% of the total, and this factor had the highest effect on the thousand-grain weight. The differences between environments explained 64.75% of the thousand-grain weight variation, while the effects of GE interaction explained 15.36% (Table 1). Values for the three principal components were also highly significant. The three principal components of GE interaction accounted jointly for 73.77% of the whole effect it had on the variation of thousand-grain weight. The first principal component (IPCA 1) accounted for 44.94% of the variation caused by interaction, IPCA 2 accounted for 16.66% while IPCA 3 accounted for 12.17% (Fig. 12). Thousand-grain weight of the tested cultivars varied from 19.45 (for Grenado in E03) to 60.07 g (for Todan in E14) throughout the 21 environments, with an average of 39.21 g (Table 6). The Todan had the highest average thousand-grain weight (43.87 g), and the Grenado had the lowest (32.49 g). The average thousand-grain weight per environments also varied from 22.20 g in E01 to 49.27 g in E08. The stability of tested lines can be evaluated according to biplot for thousand-grain weight (Fig. 12). The cultivar Trimester interacted positively with the E06 (Fig. 12). The cultivars Baltiko and Magnat interacted positively with the E03, E13 and E21, but negatively with the E14, E17 and E18. The cultivars Algoso, Grenado and Moderato interacted positively with the E001, E02 and E10, but negatively with the E109, E12 and E18. The cultivar Witon with ASV of 2.014 was were the most stable, while the cultivars such as Todan (9.223) and Grenado (8.928) were the smallest stable (Table 6). A cultivar Algoso with averages of thousand-grain weight equal to 41.74 g and and good ASV (2.231) had the best genotype selection index (6). However, the Grenado has the worst genotype selection index (19).
A2
The three sources of variation for the thousand-grain weight were highly significant. In the ANOVA, the sum of squares for environment main effect represented 67.81% of the total thousand-grain weight variation. The differences between genotypes explained 15.45% of the total thousand-grain weight variation, while the effects of GE interaction explained 14.29% (Table 1). Values for the three principal components were also highly significant and accounted jointly for 76.64% of the whole effect it had on the variation of thousand-grain weight. The first principal component (IPCA 1) accounted for 36.99% of the variation caused by interaction, while IPCA 2 and IPCA 3 accounted for 20.61 and 19.04%, respectively. Thousand-grain weight of the tested cultivars varied from 15.95 (for Grenado in E03) to 64.79 g (for Trismart in E18) throughout the 21 environments, with an average of 40.92 g (Table 7). The Trismart had the highest average thousand-grain weight (47.72 g), and the Grenado had the lowest (34.01 g). The average thousand-grain weight per environments also varied from 21.72 g in E01, to 52.63 g in E17. The stability of tested cultivars can be evaluated according to biplot for thousand-grain weight (Fig. 13). The cultivars Todan and Trimester interacted positively with the E12 and E21 environments, but negatively with the E03 and E06 (Fig. 13). The cultivar Trismart interacted positively with the E09 and E18, but negatively with the E14 and E17. The cultivar Magnat interacted positively with the E03 and E06. The cultivar Pawo with ASV of 0.568 was the most stable, while the Algoso (5.288) and Trismart (5.020) were the least stable (Table 7). The cultivar Pawo with medium average thousand-grain weight (40.22 g) and the best ASV (0.568) is cultivar with the best genotype selection index (7). The Grenado has the worst genotype selection index (15).
Total genotype selection index
The best total genotype selection index we observed for cultivar Algoso (TGSI = 46), while the worst – Grenado (TGSI = 96). For A1 level of cultivation intensity cultivar Algoso was the best TGSI (18), however for A2 – Magnat (TGSI = 25). Cultivar Grenado was the worst in both level of cultivation intensity (49 for A1 nad 47 for A2). The cultivars Algoso, Baltiko and Trimester are recommended for further inclusion in the breeding programs because of their stability and good average values of observed traits.
Relationships for observed traits between environments
The negative statistically significant (α = 0.05) correlation coefficients for grain yield were observed for following pair of environments at both (standard and intensive) levels of technology: E08-E15, E08-E18 (Figs. 14 and 15). Additionally, positively correlation coefficiens at A1 were observed for: E03-E06, E03-E12, E05-E07, E05-E09, E05-E20, E06-E12, E06-E15, E06-E18, E10-E16, E12-E15, E12-E18 and E15-E18 (Fig. 14). However, negative for pairs: E01-E17, E03-E16, E09-E10 and E13-E18 (Fig. 14). The positively correlation coefficiens at A2 were observed for pairs of environments: E02-E06, E03-E09, E03-E15, E04-E07, E08-E13, E09-E15, E09-E18 and E11-E12 (Fig. 15), however negative for pairs: E03-E08, E04-E18, E07-E10, E08-E09 and E14-E19 (Fig. 15).
For plant height we observed significant correlation coefficients for all pairs of environments except E02 with all environments at both (standard and intensive) levels of technology (Figs. 16 and 17), and E11-E01, E03, E04, E05, E06, E07, E08, E09, E15, E16, E17, E18, E19, E20 and E21 as well as E17-E18 at standrat level of technology (Fig. 16), and pairs: E01-E14, E01-E19, E03-E08, E08-E11, E08-E12, E08-E13, E08-E14, E08-E15, E08-17, E08-19 and E08-E20 at intensive level of technology (Fig. 17).
For thousand-grain weight we observed 101 from 210 significant correlation coefficient at standard level of technology (Fig. 18) and 102 from 201 at intensive level of technology (Fig. 19).
Discussion
Field experiments carried out under PDO system are a valuable source of information for farmers in terms of selection of varieties for cultivation. Every year, several new varieties entered into the National Register of Varieties of Agricultural Plants are admitted for using in Poland. In addition, after Poland’s accession to the structures of the European Union, legal regulations at the EU level, allow the placing on the market of plant varieties registered in any Community country. The result is that the farmer has the option of choosing up to several dozen varieties of crops, e.g. triticale 1000. This can cause serious difficulties in choosing the right variety even for the best growers in its specific soil and climate conditions. PDO system on the base of an extensive system of post-registration experiments and recommendation of varieties for particular species of arable crops significantly facilitates the selection of the right variety for specific farming conditions, which is one of the requirements of integrated protection. Poland in the EU ranks third in terms of cereal sown area, and the world’s first in triticale production. The growing interest in triticale and the ever-increasing selection of new, improved varieties, often focused on specific use in the food or feed industry, requires research to confirm their usefulness. The most important and the most valuable effect of research conducted in the PDO system for farmers is an annual “List of cultivars recommended for cultivation in the area of the province”. Research carried out in the system of PDO are directed directly at the needs of agricultural practice. Growers thanks to this type of research have continuous information about the value of varieties, including selection of the right varieties cultivated crop species.
The grain yield, plant height and thousand-grain weight in winter triticale are traits determined by multiple genes that cause change in the performance of genotypes depending on the cultivation environment. That is why the importance of GEIs in plant breeding programs have been a focus of attention for triticale breeders (Miedaner et al. 2001; Motzo et al. 2001; Santiveri et al. 2004; Oettler and Wahle 2008). GEI is an important and challenging issue for plant breeders especially in developing new improved varieties. Multi-environment trials are used to determine sites representing the target environment and can identify superior cultivars for recommendation to breeders (Goyal et al. 2011). Goyal et al. (2011) characterized of triticale genotypes for stability of yield and other quality traits, as well as GEI and adaptability, constitute a starting point towards the development of new breeding populations for the improvement of yield, and quality traits in triticale for southern and central Alberta, Canada. These results provide impetus for using triticale feedstock in the biorefinery industry, and show that germplasm is available to enhance cultivar development. Data collected from such trials are needed for precise estimation of genotype value and yield stability (Yan and Hunt 2001). These trials facilitate quantification of the environment and GEIs. Differences in environmental conditions may cause large GEIs, especially under drought-prone environments (Bocianowski et al. 2019a).
The AMMI model was often used in study of many species (Branković-Radojčić et al. 2018; Fotso et al. 2018; Hassani et al. 2018; Bocianowski et al. 2019c). The AMMI model provides a useful tool in diagnosing GEI patterns and improving the accuracy of response estimates. It enables clustering of genotypes based on similarity of response characteristics and identifying potential trends across environments (Bocianowski et al. 2018). The suggested strategy could extract more information from the GEI, thereby aiding researchers in identifying specific cultivars with competitive yields across diverse environments. The genotype and environment main effects as well as GEI had the strongest effect on all three observed traits (grain yield, plant height and thousand-grain weight), in both levels of cultivation intensity (standard and intensive), expression in Wielkopolska region Poland. AMMI analyses permits estimation of interaction effect of a genotype in each environment and it helps to identify cultivars best suited for specific environmental conditions. AMMI analyses revealed significant GE interaction with respect to all three traits in both levels of cultivation intensity. The AMMI stability value exposed high cultivars stability. Yang et al. (2009) reported that biplot, based on AMMI, is a useful visualization techniques to find similarity or dissimilarity among genotypes or environments. Yang et al. (2009) also cautions against the use of a biplot beyond a visual descriptive tool as the method utilizes only a sample of the full data set and does not involve any statistical hypothesis testing. The AMMI results displayed on the GE biplot enables determination of the main effect of the genotype, the environment, and the most meaningful GEIs.
In general, environments with scores near zero have little interaction across cultivars and provide low discrimination among cultivars (Anandan et al. 2009). In this study, these patterns were observed in E10, E13 and E20 environments (Figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). AMMI models are capable of measuring the weight of the environments, the genotypes and their interactions throughout a value that measures how stable a genotype is in all environments in terms of particular observed traits. The cultivars Algoso, Baltiko and Trimester are recommended for further inclusion in the breeding programs because of their stability and good average values of observed traits. For these cultivars we obtained the best total (calculated for all three traits in both levels of cultivation intensity) genotype selection index (TGSI = 46, 52 and 53, respectively).
Conclusions
Obtained results show that genotypes, environments and GEI are highly significant indicating the existence of a wide range of variation between the cultivars, environments and their interactions. The existence of such significant GEI indicated possibility of selection of stable cultivars across the environments. Sources of genetic resistance used in cultivars Algoso, Baltiko and Trimester breeding programs are recommended for further inclusion in the breeding programs because of their stability and good average values of observed traits. For these cultivars we obtained the best total genotype selection index.
References
Anandan A, Sabesan T, Eswaran R, Rajiv G, Muthalagan N, Suresh R (2009) Appraisal of environmental interaction on quality traits of rice by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis. Cereal Res Commun 37:131–140. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.37.2009.1.16
Bocianowski J, Księżak J, Nowosad K (2019) Genotype by environment interaction for seeds yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. Euphytica 215:191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-019-2515-1
Bocianowski J, Niemann J, Nowosad K (2019) Genotype-by-environment interaction for seed quality traits in interspecific cross-derived Brassica lines using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. Euphytica 215:7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2328-7
Bocianowski J, Nowosad K, Szulc P (2019) Soil tillage methods by years interaction for harvest index of maize (Zea mays L) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. Acta Agric Scand Sect B-S P 69:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2018.1502343
Bocianowski J, Szulc P, Nowosad K (2018) Soil tillage methods by years interaction for dry matter of plant yield of maize (Zea mays L.) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. J Integr Agr 17:2836–2839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62085-4
Branković-Radojčić D, Babić V, Girek Z, Živanović T, Radojčic A, Filipović M, Srdić J (2018) Evaluation of maize grain yield and yield stability by AMMI analysis. Genetika 50:1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1803067B
Bujak H, Tratwal G, Weber R, Kaczmarek J, Gacek E (2013) An analysis of spatial similarity in the variability of yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in Western Poland. Zemdirbyste 100:311–316. https://doi.org/10.13080/z-a.2013.100.040
Derejko A, Studnicki M, Mądry W, Gacek E (2016) A comparison of winter wheat cultivar rankings in groups of polish locations. Cereal Res Commun 44:628–638. https://doi.org/10.1556/0806.44.2016.029
Farshadfar E, Sutka J (2003) Locating QTLs controlling adaptation in wheat using AMMI model. Cereal Res Commun 31:249–256
Fotso AK, Hanna R, Kulakow P, Parkes E, Iluebbey P, Ngome FA, Suh C, Massussi J, Choutnji I, Wirnkar VL (2018) AMMI analysis of cassava response to contrasting environments: case study of genotype by environment effect on pests and diseases, root yield, and carotenoids content in Cameroon. Euphytica 214:155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2234-z
Gauch HG, Zobel RW (1990) Imputing missing yield trial data. Theor Appl Genet 79:753–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00224240
Ghaed-Rahimi L, Heidari B, Dadkhodaie A (2015) Genotype × environment interactions for wheat grain yield and antioxidant changes in association with drought stress. Arch Agron Soil Sci 61(2):153–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2014.926004
Goyal A, Beres BL, Randhawa HS, Navabi A, Salmon DF, Eudes F (2011) Yield stability analysis of broadly adaptive triticale germplasm in southern and central Alberta, Canada, for industrial end-use suitability. Can J Plant Sci 91:125–135. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps10063
Hassani M, Heidari B, Dadkhodaie A, Stevanato P (2018) Genotype by environment interaction components underlying variations in root, sugar and white sugar yield in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L). Euphytica 214:79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-018-2160-0
Miedaner T, Reinbrecht C, Lauber U, Schollenberger M, Geiger HH (2001) Effects of genotype and genotype—environment interaction on deoxynivalenol accumulation and resistance to Fusarium head blight in rye, triticale, and wheat. Plant Breed 120:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00580.x
Motzo R, Giunta F, Deidda M (2001) Factors affecting the genotype × environment interaction in spring triticale grown in a Mediterranean environment. Euphytica 121:317–324. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012077701206
Nowosad K, Liersch A, Popławska W, Bocianowski J (2016) Genotype by environment interaction for seed yield in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. Euphytica 208:187–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1620-z
Nowosad K, Liersch A, Poplawska W, Bocianowski J (2017) Genotype by environment interaction for oil content in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. Indian J Genet Pl Br 77:293–297. https://doi.org/10.5958/0975-6906.2017.00039.6
Oettler G, Wahle G (2008) Genotypic and environmental variation of resistance to head blight in triticale inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Plant Breed 120:297–300. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00611.x
Padarewski J, Rodrigues PC (2014) The usefulness of EM-AMMI to study the influence of missing data pattern and application to Polish post-registration winter wheat data. Aust J Crop Sci 8:640–645
Purchase JL, Hatting H, van Deventer CS (2000) Genotype × environment interaction of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in South Africa: II. stability analysis of yield performance. S Afr J Plant Soil 17:101–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2000.10634878
Santiveri F, Royo C, Romagosa I (2004) Growth and yield responses of spring and winter triticale cultivated under Mediterranean conditions. Eur J Agron 20:281–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(03)00023-6
Shahriari Z (2018) Dissection of genotype × environment interactions for mucilage and seed yield in Plantago species: application of AMMI and GGE biplot analyses. PLoS ONE 13(5):e0196095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196095
Singh C, Gupta A, Gupta V, Kumar P, Sendhil R, Tyagi BS, Singh G, Chatrath R, Singh GP (2019) Genotype x environment interaction analysis of multi-environment wheat trials in India using AMMI and GGE biplot models. Crop Breed Appl Biot 19:309–318. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332019v19n3a43
Weber R, Nowosad K, Bujak H, Gacek E (2017) Grain yield variability of winter wheat cultivars in post-registration tests in Lower Silesia. Pol J Natural Sci 32:223–235
Yan W, Hunt LA (2001) Interpretation of genotype × environment interaction for winter wheat in Ontario. Crop Sci 41:19–25. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2001.41119x
Yang RC, Crossa J, Cornelius PL, Burgueno J (2009) Biplot analysis of genotype × environment interaction: proceed with caution. Crop Sci 49:1564–1576. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.11.0665
Zobel RW, Wright MJ, Gauch HG (1988) Statistical analysis of yield trial. Agron J 80:388–393. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1988.00021962008000030002x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Bocianowski, J., Tratwal, A. & Nowosad, K. Genotype by environment interaction for main winter triticale varieties characteristics at two levels of technology using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model. Euphytica 217, 26 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02756-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02756-x