Abstract
In this article, we study and prove the new existence theorems of fixed points for contraction mappings in modular metric spaces.
AMS: 47H09; 47H10.
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1 Introduction
Let (X, d) be a metric space. A mapping T : X → X is a contraction if
for all x, y ∈ X, where 0 ≤ k < 1. The Banach Contraction Mapping Principle appeared in explicit form in Banach's thesis in 1922 [1]. Since its simplicity and usefulness, it has become a very popular tool in solving existence problems in many branches of mathematical analysis. Banach contraction principle has been extended in many different directions, see [2–10]. The notion of modular spaces, as a generalize of metric spaces, was introduced by Nakano [11] and was intensively developed by Koshi, Shimogaki, Yamamuro [11–13] and others. Further and the most complete development of these theories are due to Luxemburg, Musielak, Orlicz, Mazur, Turpin [14–18] and their collaborators. A lot of mathematicians are interested fixed points of Modular spaces, for example [4, 19–26].
In 2008, Chistyakov [27] introduced the notion of modular metric spaces generated by F-modular and develop the theory of this spaces, on the same idea he was defined the notion of a modular on an arbitrary set and develop the theory of metric spaces generated by modular such that called the modular metric spaces in 2010 [28].
In this article, we study and prove the existence of fixed point theorems for contraction mappings in modular metric spaces.
2 Preliminaries
We will start with a brief recollection of basic concepts and facts in modular spaces and modular metric spaces (see [14, 15, 27–29] for more details).
Definition 2.1. Let X be a vector space over ℝ (or ℂ). A functional ρ : X → [0, ∞] is called a modular if for arbitrary x and y, elements of X satisfies the following three conditions :
(A.1) ρ(x) = 0 if and only if x = 0;
(A.2) ρ(αx) = ρ(x) for all scalar α with |α| = 1;
(A.3) ρ(αx + βy) ≤ ρ(x) + ρ(y), whenever α, β ≥ 0 and α + β = 1.
If we replace (A.3) by
(A.4) ρ(αx + βy) ≤ αs ρ(x) + βs ρ(y), for α, β ≥ 0, αs + βs = 1 with an s ∈ (0, 1], then the modular ρ is called s-convex modular, and if s = 1, ρ is called a convex modular.
If ρ is modular in X, then the set defined by
is called a modular space. X ρ is a vector subspace of X it can be equipped with an F-norm defined by setting
In addition, if ρ is convex, then the modular space X ρ coincides with
and the functional is an ordinary norm on which is equivalence to (see [16]).
Let X be a nonempty set, λ ∈ (0, ∞) and due to the disparity of the arguments, function w : (0, ∞) × X × X → [0, ∞] will be written as wλ(x, y) = w(λ, x, y) for all λ > 0 and x, y ∈ X.
Definition 2.2. [[28], Definition 2.1] Let X be a nonempty set. A function w : (0, ∞) × X × X → [0, ∞] is said to be a metric modular on X if satisfying, for all x, y, z ∈ X the following condition holds:
(i) w λ (x, y) = 0 for all λ > 0 if and only if x = y;
(ii) w λ (x, y) = w λ (y, x) for all λ > 0;
(iii) wλ + μ(x, y) ≤ w λ (x, z) + w μ (z, y) for all λ, μ > 0.
If instead of (i), we have only the condition
(i') w λ (x, x) = 0 for all λ > 0, then w is said to be a (metric) pseudomodular on X.
The main property of a (pseudo) modular w on a set X is a following: given x, y ∈ X, the function 0 < λ ↦ w λ (x, y) ∈ [0, ∞] is a nonincreasing on (0, ∞).
In fact, if 0 < μ < λ, then (iii), (i') and (ii) imply
It follows that at each point λ > 0 the right limit and the left limit exists in [0, ∞] and the following two inequalities hold :
Definition 2.3. [[28], Definition 3.3] A function w : (0, ∞) × X × X → [0, ∞] is said to be a convex (metric) modular on X if it is satisfies the conditions (i) and (ii) from Definition 2.2 as well as this condition holds;
(iv)
If instead of (i), we have only the condition (i') from Definition 2.2, then w is called a convex(metric) pseudomodular on X.
From [27, 28], we know that, if x0 ∈ X, the set is a metric space, called a modular space, whose metric is given by for all x, y ∈ X w . Moreover, if w is convex, the modular set X w is equal to such that w λ (x, x0) <∞} and metrizable by for all . We know that (see [[28], Theorem 3.11]) if X is a real linear space, ρ : X → [0, ∞] and
then ρ is modular (convex modular) on X in the sense of (A.1)-(A.4) if and only if w is metric modular (convex metric modular, respectively) on X. On the other hand, if w satisfy the following two conditions (i) w λ (μx, 0) = w λ/μ (x, 0) for all λ, μ > 0 and x ∈ X, (ii) w λ (x + z, y + z) = w λ (x, y) for all λ > 0 and x, y, z ∈ X, if we set ρ(x) = w1(x, 0) with (2.6) holds, where x ∈ X, then
-
(i)
X ρ = X w is a linear subspace of X and the functional , x ∈ X ρ , is an F-norm on X ρ ;
-
(ii)
if w is convex, is a linear subspace of X and the functional , is an norm on .
Similar assertions hold if replace the word modular by pseudomodular. If w is metric modular in X, we called the set X w is modular metric space.
By the idea of property in metric spaces and modular spaces, we defined the following:
Definition 2.4. Let X w be a modular metric space.
(1) The sequence (x n )n∈ℕ in X w is said to be convergent to x ∈ X w if w λ (x n , x) → 0, as n → ∞ for all λ > 0.
(2) The sequence (x n ) n∈ℕ in X w is said to be Cauchy if w λ ( x m , x n ) → 0, as m, n → ∞ for all λ > 0.
(3) A subset C of X w is said to be closed if the limit of a convergent sequence of C always belong to C.
(4) A subset C of X w is said to be complete if any Cauchy sequence in C is a convergent sequence and its limit is in C.
(5) A subset C of X w is said to be bounded if for all λ > 0 δ w (C) = sup{w λ (x, y); x, y ∈ C} <∞.
3 Main results
In this section, we prove the existence of fixed points theorems for contraction mapping in modular metric spaces.
Definition 3.1. Let w be a metric modular on X and X w be a modular metric space induced by w and T : X w → X w be an arbitrary mapping. A mapping T is called a contraction if for each x, y ∈ X w and for all λ > 0 there exists 0 ≤ k < 1 such that
Theorem 3.2. Let w be a metric modular on X and X w be a modular metric space induced by w. If X w is a complete modular metric space and T : X w → X w is a contraction mapping, then T has a unique fixed point in X w . Moreover, for any x ∈ X w , iterative sequence {Tnx} converges to the fixed point.
Proof. Let x0 ba an arbitrary point in X w and we write x1 = Tx0, x2 = Tx1 = T2x0, and in general, x n = Txn-1= Tnx0 for all n ∈ ℕ. Then,
for all λ > 0 and for each n ∈ ℕ. Therefore, for all λ > 0. So for each λ > 0, we have for all ∊ > 0 there exists n0 ∈ ℕ such that w λ (x n , xn+1) < ∊ for all n ∈ ℕ with n ≥ n0. Without loss of generality, suppose m, n ∈ ℕ and m > n. Observe that, for , there exists nλ/(m-n)∈ ℕ such that
for all n ≥ nλ/(m-n). Now, we have
for all m, n ≥ nλ/(m-n). This implies {x n }n∈ℕis a Cauchy sequence. By the completeness of X w , there exists a point x ∈ X w such that x n → × as n → ∞.
By the notion of metric modular w and the contraction of T, we get
for all λ > 0 and for each n ∈ ℕ. Taking n → ∞ in (3.2) implies that w λ (Tx, x) = 0 for all λ > 0 and thus Tx = x. Hence, x is a fixed point of T. Next, we prove that x is a unique fixed point. Suppose that z is another fixed point of T. We see that
for all λ > 0. Since 0 ≤ k < 1, we get w λ (x, z) = 0 for all λ > 0 this implies that x = z. Therefore, x is a unique fixed point of T and the proof is complete. □
Theorem 3.3. Let w be a metric modular on X and X w be a modular metric space induced by w. If X w is a complete modular metric space and T : X w → X w is a contraction mapping. Suppose x* ∈ X w is a fixed point of T, {ε n } is a sequence of positive numbers for which , and {y n } ⊆ X w satisfies
for all λ > 0. Then, .
Proof. For each m ∈ ℕ, we observe that
for all λ > 0. Thus, we get
Next, we claimed that for all λ > 0.
Now let ε > 0. Since , there exists N ∈ ℕ such that for m ≥ N, ε m ≤ ε. Thus,
Taking limit as m → ∞ in (3.5), we have
Since x0 is a fixed point of T and using result of Theorem 3.2, we get the sequence {Tnx} converge to x*. This implies that
for all λ > 0. From (3.4), (3.6) and (3.7), we have
for all λ > 0 which implies that . □
Theorem 3.4. Let w be a metric modular on X and X w be a modular metric space induced by w. If X w is a complete modular metric space and T : X w → X w is a mapping, which TN is a contraction mapping for some positive integer N. Then, T has a unique fixed point in X w .
Proof. By Theorem 3.2 , TN has a unique fixed point u ∈ X w . From TN(T u ) = TN+1u = T(TNu) = Tu, so Tu is a fixed point of TN. By the uniqueness of fixed point of TN, we have Tu = u. Thus, u is a fixed point of T. Since fixed point of T is also fixed point of TN, we can conclude that T has a unique fixed point in X w . □
Theorem 3.5. Let w be metric modular on X, X w be a complete modular metric space induced by w and for x* ∈ X w we define
If T : B w (x*, γ) → X w is a contraction mapping with
for all λ > 0, where 0 ≤ k < 1. Then, T has a unique fixed point in B w (x*, γ).
Proof. By Theorem 3.2 , we only prove that B w (x*, γ) is complete and Tx ∈ B w (x*, γ), for all x ∈ B w (x*, γ). Suppose that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence in B w (x*, γ), also {x n } is a Cauchy sequence in X w . Since X w is complete, there exists x ∈ X w such that
for all λ > 0. Since for each n ∈ ℕ, x n ∈ B w (x*, γ), using the property of metric modular, we get
for all λ > 0. It follows the inequalities (3.10) and (3.11), we have w λ (x*, x) ≤ γ which implies that x ∈ B w (x*, γ). Therefore, {x n } is convergent sequence in B w (x*, γ) and also B w (x*, γ) is complete.
Next, we prove that Tx ∈ B w (x*, γ) for all x ∈ B w (x*, γ). Let x ∈ B w (x*, γ). From the inequalities (3.9), using the contraction of T and the notion of metric modular, we have
Therefore, Tx ∈ B w (x*, γ) and the proof is complete.
Theorem 3.6. Let w be a metric modular on X, X w be a complete modular metric space induced by w and T : X w → X w . If
for all x, y ∈ X w and for all λ > 0, where , then T has a unique fixed point in X w . Moreover, for any x ∈ X w , iterative sequence {Tnx} converges to the fixed point.
Proof. Let x0 be an arbitrary point in X w and we write x1 = Tx0, x2 = Tx1 = T2x0, and in general, x n = Txn-1= Tnx0 for all n ∈ ℕ. If for some n0 ∈ ℕ, then . Thus, is a fixed point of T. Suppose that Txn-1≠ Tx n for all n ∈ ℕ. For , we have
for all λ > 0 and for all n ∈ ℕ. Hence,
for all λ > 0 and for all n ∈ ℕ. Put , since , we get β ∈ [0, 1) and hence
for all λ > 0 and for all n ∈ ℕ. Similar to the proof of Theorem 3.2, we can conclude that {x n } is a Cauchy sequence and by the completeness of X w there exists a point x ∈ X w such that x n → x as n → ∞. By the property of metric modular and the inequality (3.12), we have
for all λ > 0 and for all n ∈ ℕ. Taking n → ∞ in the inequality (3.16), we obtained that
Since , we have Tx = x. Thus, x is a fixed point of T. Next, we prove that x is a unique fixed point. Suppose that z be another fixed point of T. We note that
for all λ > 0, which implies that x = z. Therefore, x is a unique fixed point of T. □
Now, we shall give a validate example of Theorem 3.2 .
Example 3.7. Let X = {(a, 0) ∈ ℝ2|0 ≤ a ≤ 1} ∪ {(0, b) ∈ ℝ2|0 ≤ b ≤ 1}.
Defined the mapping w : (0, ∞) × X × X → [0, ∞] by
and
We note that if we take λ → ∞, then we see that X = X w and also X w is a complete modular metric space. We let a mapping T : X w → X w is define by
and
Simple computations show that
for all (a1, b1), (a2, b2) ∈ X w . Thus, T is a contraction mapping with constant . Therefore, T has a unique fixed point that is (0, 0) ∈ X w .
On the Euclidean metric d on X w , we see that
for all k ∈ [0, 1). Thus, T is not a contraction mapping and then the Banach contraction mapping cannot be applied to this example.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the referee for comments and suggestions on this manuscript. The first author was supported by the Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (Grant No. PHD/0029/2553). The second author would like to thank the Research Professional Development Project Under the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST) and the Faculty of Science, KMUTT for financial support during the preparation of this manuscript for the Ph.D. Program. The third author was supported by the Commission on Higher Education and the Thailand Research Fund (Grant No.MRG5380044). Moreover, this study was supported by the Higher Education Research Promotion and National Research University Project of Thailand, Office of the Higher Education Commission (under NRU-CSEC Project No. 54000267).
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An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-103.
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Mongkolkeha, C., Sintunavarat, W. & Kumam, P. Fixed point theorems for contraction mappings in modular metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2011, 93 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2011-93
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2011-93