Abstract
This paper is concerned with mixed g-monotone mappings in partially ordered metric spaces. We establish several coupled coincidence and coupled common fixed point theorems, which generalize and complement some known results. Especially, our main results complement some recent results due to Lakshmikantham and Ćirić. Two examples are given to illustrate the usability of our results.
Mathematics Subject Classification(2010): 47H10, 54H25.
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1 Introduction
The existence of fixed points for monotone mappings in partially ordered metric spaces was initialed in [1], and such problems have been of great interest for many mathematicians (see, e.g, [2–6] and references therein).
The existence of coupled fixed points for mixed monotone mappings in partially ordered metric spaces was firstly studied by Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [7], where some applications to periodic boundary value problems are studied. Since then, several authors have made contributions on such problems (see, e.g., [8–16]). Especially, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [13] introduced a new concept of mixed g-monotone mapping:
Definition 1.1. Let (X, ≤) be a partially ordered set, F: X × X → X and g: X → X. We say F has the mixed g-monotone property if F is monotone g-non-decreasing in its first argument and is monotone g-non-increasing in its second argument, that is, for any x, y ∈ X,
and
Moreover, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić [13] established several coupled coincidence and coupled fixed point theorems for mixed g-monotone mappings in a partially ordered metric space. In [13], one of the key assumption on the mixed g-monotone mapping F is:
for all x, y, u, v ∈ X with g(x) ≤ g(u) and g(y) ≥ g(v), where φ : [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) satisfies φ(t) < and for each t > 0.
The aim of this paper is to extend and complement the main results in [13] by replacing the contraction assumption (1.1) by a more general condition (see (A1) in Theorem 1). As one will see, our main results are generalizations and complements of some earlier results (see Examples and Remark 1). For some details see [17, 18].
2 Main results
Throughout the rest of this paper, we denote by the set of positive integers, and by (X, ≤, d) a complete partially ordered metric space, i.e., ≤ is a partial order on the set X, and d is a complete metric on X. Moreover, we endow the product space X × X with the following partial order: (u, v) ≤ (x, y) ⇔ x ≥ u, y ≤ v.
Now, let us present one of our main results.
Theorem 2.1. Assume that g: X → X is a continuous mapping, and F: X × X → X is a continuous mapping with the mixed g-monotone property on X. Suppose that the following assumptions hold:
(A1) there exists a non-decreasing function ϕ : [0, +∞) → [0, +∞) such thatfor each t > 0, and d(F(x, y), F(u, v)) ≤ ϕ[M F,g (x, y, u, v)] for all x, y, u, v ∈ X with gx ≥ gu and gy ≤ gv, where
(A2) there exist x0, y0 ∈ X such that gx0 ≤ F (x0, y0) and F(y0, x0) ≤ gy0;
(A3) F(X ×X) ⊆ g(X), and g and F are commuting, i.e., g(F(x, y)) = F(gx, gy) for all x, y ∈ X.
Then F and g have a coupled coincidence point, i.e., there exist x*, y* ∈ X such that F (x*, y*)= gx*and F(y*, x*) = gy*.
Proof. First, we claim that ϕ (t) < t for each t > 0. In fact, if ϕ (t0) ≥ t0 for some t0> 0, then, since ϕ is non-decreasing, ϕn(t0) ≥ t0 for all ℕ, which contradicts with . In addition, it is easy to see that ϕ (0) = 0. Since F (X × X) ⊆ g (X), one can construct two sequences {x n }, {y n } in X such that gx n = F (xn-1, yn-1), gy n = F (yn-1, xn-1), n ∈ ℕ. Observing that F has the mixed g-monotone property on X, by (A2), we get gx0 ≤ gx1 ≤ ... ≤ gx n ≤ gxn+1≤ ... and ...≤ gyn+1≤ gy n ≤ ... ≤ gy1 ≤ gy0.
Now, by (A1), we have
and
where
Next, let us consider five cases.
Case I. M F,g (x n , y n , xn-1, yn-1) = max {d(gx n , gxn-1), d(gy n , gyn-1)}.
We have
and
Case II. M F,g (x n , y n , xn-1, yn-1) = d(gx n , gxn+1).
We claim that M F,g (x n , y n , xn-1, yn-1) = d(gx n , gxn+1) = 0. In fact, if d(gx n , gxn+1) ≠ 0, then d(gxn+1, gx n ) ≤ ϕ [d(gxn+1, gx n )] < d(gxn+1, gx n ), which is contradiction. Since M F,g (x n , y n , xn-1, yn-1) = 0, we also have d (gy n , gyn+1) = 0. Then, it is obvious that (2.1) and (2.2) hold.
Case III. M F,g (x n , y n , xn-1, yn-1) = d (gy n , gyn+1).
Similar to the proof of Case II, one can also show that (2.1) and (2.2) hold.
Case IV. .
We also claim that d(gxn-1, gxn+1) = 0. In fact, if d(gxn-1, gxn+1) ≠ 0, then
which gives that d (gxn+1, gx n ) < d (gxn-1, gx n ). Thus,
which contradicts with the definition of M F (x n , y n , xn-1, yn-1). So
Thus, d (gx n , gxn+1) = d (gy n , gyn+1) = 0, which means that (2.1) and (2.2) hold.
Case V. .
By using a similar argument to Case IV, one can also show that (2.1) and (2.2) hold. Now, by (2.1) and (2.2), we have for all n ∈ ℕ,
Let ε > 0 be fixed. Without loss of generality, one can assume that
In fact, if this is not true, then
i.e., x0, y0 is a coupled coincidence point of F and g. Since lim n→∞ ϕn(t) = 0 for each t > 0, by using (2.3), there exists N ∈ ℕ such that for all n > N,
Next, let us prove that for all n > N,
and
For p = 1, it follows directly from (2.4) that (2.5) holds. For p = 2, (2.5) follows from
where (2.3) and (2.4) are used. Let us show that (2.5) and (2.6) hold for p = 3. Firstly, by (2.3) and (2.4), we have
which means that (2.6) holds for p = 3. Secondly, by (A1), we have
where
We claim that z n ≤ ε. In fact, if z n = max {d(gxn+2, gx n ), d(gy n , gyn+2)}, then by (2.5) (p = 2), z n ≤ ε; if z n = max {d(gxn+2, gxn+3), d(gyn+2, gyn+3)}, then by (2.3) and (2.4), z n ≤ ϕ2 (ε) ≤ ε; if z n = max {d(gx n , gxn+1), d(gy n , gyn+1)}, then (2.4) gives that z n ≤ ε; if , then by (2.7), there holds , which yields that
and thus, ; if , one can similarly show that z n ≤ ε. Hence, in all cases, z n ≤ ε. Then, by (2.4) and (2.7), we get
i.e., (2.5) holds for p = 3.
Now, suppose that (2.5) and (2.6) hold for all p ≤ k - 1. Let us prove that (2.5) and (2.6) hold for p = k. By (A1), (2.3), (2.4), (2.5) for p = k - 2, k - 1 and for p = k - 1 we conclude
i.e., (2.6) holds for p = k. In addition, since max {d(gx n+k , gxn+1), d(gyn+1, gy n+k )} ≤ ϕ[w n ], where w n = max {d(gxn+k-1, gx n ), d(gy n , gyn+k-1), d(gxn+k-1, gx n+k ), d(gyn+k-1, gy n+k ), d(gx n , gxn+1),
by similar proof to that of z n (see (2.7)), one can show that w n ≤ ε. Thus,
i.e., (2.6) holds for p = k.
Now, we have proved that (2.5) holds for all p ∈ ℕ, which means that {gx n } and {gy n } are Cauchy sequences in X. Then, by the completeness of X, there exist x*, y* ∈ X such that limn→∞gx n = x*, limn→∞gy n = y*. By (A3), g commutes with F. So g (gxn+1) = g (F (x n , y n )) = F (gx n , gy n ) and g (gyn+1) = g (F (y n , x n )) = F (gy n , gx n ). Letting n → ∞ and noticing that F and g are continuous, we get g (x*) = F (x*, y*), g (y*) = F (y*, x*). □
We demonstrate the use of Theorems 2.1 with the help of the following examples. It will show also that our theorem is more general than some other known coupled fixed point results ([7, 13]).
Examples: (1) Let X = ℝ be endowed with usual order, d (x, y) = |x - y|, . We have that mappings F, g and ϕ satisfy all conditions of the Theorem 2.1, but they do not satisfy (1.1). Therefore F and g have a coupled coincidence point. Here (0, 0) is the coupled coincidence point of F and g. Indeed, for x ≥ u, y ≤ v we have
However, if (1.1) is true, then we have
which is a contradiction. Hence, the existence of a coupled coincidence point of F and g cannot be obtained by the result from [13].
(2) If in the previous example we take , gx = x, , then we obtain that mappings F, g and ϕ satisfy all conditions of the Theorem 2.1, but they do not satisfy the conditions of corresponding Theorem from [7]. Indeed, in this case we have
On the other hand, for x = 1, y = u = v = 0, we obtain
for all k ∈[0, 1). Also, this example shows that the existence of a coupled coincidence point of F and g cannot be obtained by the result from [7].
In the case that F is not continuous, one can use the following theorem:
Theorem 2.2. Suppose all the assumptions of Theorem 2.1. except for the continuity of F are satisfied. Moreover, assume that g is monotone under the partial order ≤, and X has the following properties:
( a ) if an non-decreasing sequence {x n } converges to X in X, then x n ≤ x for all n ∈ ℕ;
( b ) if an non-increasing sequence {y n } converges to y in X, then y ≤ y n for all n ∈ ℕ.
Then the conclusions of Theorem 2.1 also hold.
Proof. Let {x n }, {y n }, x*, y* be as in Theorem 1. Then limn→∞gx n = x* and limn→∞gy n = y*.
It remains to prove that g (x*) = F (x*, y*) , g (y*) = F (y*, x*) .
By the proof of Theorem 1, we have gx0 ≤ gx1 ≤ ... ≤ gx n ≤ gxn+1≤ ... and ... ≤ gyn+1≤ gy n ≤ ... ≤ gy1 ≤ gy0. It follows from the assumptions (a) and (b) that gx n ≤ x* and y* ≤ gy n for all n ∈ ℕ. In addition, without loss of generality, one can assume that g is non-decreasing about the partial order ≤ . Then g2x n ≤ gx* and gy* ≤ g2y n for all n ∈ ℕ, where g2z := g (gz) for all z ∈ X.
Next, using (A1), we obtain
where
Now, we claim that
If this not true, then max {d (gx*, F (x*, y*)) , d (gy*, F (y*, x*))} > 0. Since limn→∞gx n = x*, limn→∞gy n = y*, there exists N ∈ ℕ such that for all n > N,
Combining this with (2.8) and (2.9), we get for all n > N,
Letting n → ∞ it follows that
This is a contradiction. So (2.10) holds. Then, it follows that gx* = F (x*, y*) and gy* = F (y*, x*) .
Remark 1. It is easy to see that Theorems 2.1. and 2.2. are generalizations of corresponding results in [7]. In addition, Theorems 2.1. and 2.2. extends some earlier results for non-decreasing mappings in partially ordered metric spaces. For example, let g = I (the identity map), F be non-decreasing under the first argument and be independent of the second argument, one can deduce [2, Theorem 2.2].
In some cases, one can show that the coupled coincidence point is a coupled common fixed point. For example, we have the following result:
Theorem 2.3. Suppose all the assumptions of Theorem 2.1. (or Theorem 2.2.) are satisfied. Moreover, assume that
(A4) the M F,g (x, y, u, v) in (A1) equals to
(A5) for every (x1, x2), (y1, y2) ∈ X × X, there exists (z1, z2) ∈ X × X such that (gz1, gz2) is comparable to (gx1, gx2) and (gy1, gy2).
Then F and g have a unique coupled common fixed point, i.e., there exists a unique (a, b) ∈ X × X such that F (a, b) = ga = a and F (b, a) = gb = b.
Proof. By Theorem 2.1. (or Theorem 2.2.), we know that F and g have a coupled coincidence point, i.e., there exist x*, y* ∈ X such that F (x*, y*) = gx* and F (y*, x*) = gy*. Let (x*, y*) ∈ X × X be also a coupled coincidence point of F and g. First, let us prove that
By (A5), there exists (u0, v0) ∈ X × X such that (gu0, gv0) is comparable to (gx*, gy*) and (gx*, gy*) . Let
Since F is mixed g-monotone and (gu0, gv0) is comparable to (gx*, gy*), we claim that (F (u0, v0) , F (v0, u0)) is comparable to (F (x*, y*) , F (y*, x*)) , i.e., (gu1, gv1) is comparable to (gx*, gy*) . In fact, if
i.e.,
and thus
which means that
if (gu0, gv0) = (gx*, gy*), by a similar proof, we can get (gu1, gv1) ≥ (gx*, gy*). In addition, analogously to the above proof, one can also show that (gu1, gv1) is comparable to (gx*, gy*) . Hence, by induction, one can prove that for each n ∈ ℕ, (gu n , gv n ) is comparable to (gx*, gy*) and (gx*, gy*) .
Now, by (A4), we have
where
We claim that c n = max {d (gx*, gu n ), d (gy*, gv n )}. In fact, if , then , which means that d (gx*, gun+1) < d (gx*, gu n ), and thus . This is a contradiction. In addition, if , one can also show that there is a contradiction. Thus we have
Then, it follows that
Analogously to the above proof, one can also show that
Letting n → ∞, we get gx* = limn→∞gu n+1 = gx*, gy* = limn→∞gv n+1 = gy*.
Since F (gx*, gy*) = g (gx*) and F (gy*, gx*) = g (gy*), (gx*, gy*) is a coupled coincidence point of F and g, thus, by (2.11), we have g (gx*) = gx*, g (gy*) = gy*. Let a = gx* and b = gy*. Then F (a, b) = F (gx*, gy*) = g (gx*) = ga = a and F (b, a) = F (gy*, gx*) = g (gy*) = gb = b. It remains to show the uniqueness. Let (c, d) ∈ X × X such that F (c, d) = gc = c and F (d, c) = gd = d. Since (a, b) and (c, d) are both coupled coincidence points of F and g, by (2.11), we get ga = gc, gb = gd, and thus a = c, b = d. This completes the proof.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the referees for their valuable comments that helped to improve the text. Hui-Sheng Ding acknowledges support from the NSF of China (11101192), the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (211090), the NSF of Jiangxi Province (20114BAB211002), the Jiangxi Provincial Education Department (GJJ12173), and the Program for Cultivating Youths of Outstanding Ability in Jiangxi Normal University. Third author is thankful to the Ministry of Science and Technology Development of Serbia.
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Ding, HS., Li, L. & Radenović, S. Coupled coincidence point theorems for generalized nonlinear contraction in partially ordered metric spaces. Fixed Point Theory Appl 2012, 96 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-96
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1812-2012-96