Abstract
In the present work, two types of novel nano additives, titanium sulfonate ligand/black phosphorus (TiL4/BP) and titanium dioxide/black phosphorus (TiO2/BP) nanocomposites, were prepared. The tribological behavior of the steel/steel friction pairs lubricated by polyalphaolefins type 6 (PAO6) containing the nanocomposites under boundary lubrication was studied. The worn surfaces were analyzed using modern surface techniques. The experimental results show that the rubbed surfaces became smooth and showed little wear with the addition of the nanocomposites. TiO2/BP nanocomposites can significantly improve the lubricity of BP nanosheets under high contact stress. The synergistic roles of the load-bearing abilities and rolling effect of TiO2 nanoparticles, the slip induced by the BP with its layered structure, and the establishment of a tribofilm on the sliding interface are the basis of the tribological mechanisms.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Huang G W, Yu Q L, Ma Z F, Cai M R, Zhou F, Liu W M. Oil-soluble ionic liquids as antiwear and extreme pressure additives in poly-α-olefin for steel/steel contacts. Friction7(1): 18–31 (2019)
Hou K M, Wang J Q, Yang Z G, Ma L M, Wang Z F, Yang S R. One-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/molybdenum disulfide heterostructures with intrinsic incommensurateness for enhanced lubricating properties. Carbon115: 83–94 (2017)
Sayuti M, Sarhan A A D, Salem F. Novel uses of SiO2 nano-lubrication system in hard turning process of hardened steel AISI4140 for less tool wear, surface roughness and oil consumption. J Clean Prod67: 265–276 (2014)
Xu Y F, Geng J, Peng Y B, Liu Z C, Yu J Y, Hu X G. Lubricating mechanism of Fe3O4@MoS2 core-shell nano-composites as oil additives for steel/steel contact. Tribol Int121: 241–251 (2018)
Zeng Y M, He F, Wang Q, Yan X H, Xie G X. Friction and wear behaviors of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets under normal electric field. ApplSurf Sci455: 527–532 (2018)
Mura A, Adamo F, Wang H Z, Leong W S, Ji X, Kong J. Investigation about tribological behavior of ABS and PC-ABS polymers coated with graphene. Tribol Int134: 335–340 (2019)
Morina A, Neville A, Priest M, Green J H. ZDDP and MoDTC interactions in boundary lubrication—The effect of temperature and ZDDP/MoDTC ratio. Tribol Int39: 1545–1557 (2006)
Morina A, Neville A, Green J H, Priest M. Additive/additive interactions in boundary lubrication—A study of film formation and tenacity. Tribol Interface Eng Ser48: 757–767 (2005)
Dawczyk J, Morgan N, Russo J, Spikes H. Film thickness and friction of ZDDP tribofilms. Tribol Lett67(2): 34 (2019)
Komvopoulos K, Do V, Yamaguchi E S, Ryason P R. Nanomechanical and nanotribological properties of an antiwear tribofilm produced from phosphorus-containing additives on boundary-lubricated steel surfaces. J Tribol126(4): 775–780 (2004)
Wang W, Xie G X, Luo J B. Black phosphorus as a new lubricant. Friction6(1): 116–142 (2018)
Lv Y, Wang W, Xie G X, Luo J B. Self-lubricating PTFE-based composites with black phosphorus nanosheets. Tribol Lett66(2): 61 (2018)
Chen W S, Ouyang J, Yi X Y, Xu Y, Niu C C, Zhang W Y, Wang L Q, Sheng J P, Deng L, Liu Y N, et al. Black phosphorus nanosheets as a neuroprotective nanomedicine for neurodegenerative disorder therapy. Adv Mater30(3): 1703458 (2018)
Yuan S F, Shen C F, Deng B C, Chen X L, Guo Q S, Ma Y Q, Abbas A, Liu B L, Haiges R, Ott C, et al. Air-stable room-temperature mid-infrared photodetectors based on hBN/black arsenic phosphorus/hBN heterostructures. Nano Lett18(5): 3172–3179 (2018)
Xu Y F, Yu J Y, Dong Y H, You T, Hu X G. Boundary lubricating properties of black phosphorus nanosheets in polyalphaoleffin oil. J Tribol141(7): 072101 (2019)
Bogunovic L, Zuenkeler S, Toensing K, Anselmetti D. An oil-based lubrication system based on nanoparticular TiO2 with superior friction and wear properties. Tribol Lett59(2): 29 (2015)
Meng Y N, Sun J L, Wu P, Dong C, Yan X D. The Role of nano-TiO2 lubricating fluid on the hot rolled surface and metallographic structure of SS41 Steel. Nanomaterials8(2): 111 (2018)
Poornima V P, Mariam A S. TiO2 nanotubes and mesoporous silica as containers in self-healing epoxy coatings. Sci Rep6(1): 38812 (2016)
Lee H U, Lee S C, Won J, Son B C, Choi S, Kim Y, Park S Y, Kim H S, Lee Y C, Lee J. Stable semiconductor black phosphorus (BP)@titanium dioxide (TiO2) hybrid photocatalysts. Sci Rep5: 8691 (2015)
Zhao Y T, Wang H Y, Huang H, Xiao Q L, Xu Y H, Guo Z N, Xie H H, Shao J D, Sun Z B, Han W J, et al. Surface coordination of black phosphorus for robust air and water stability. Angew Chem128(16): 5087–5091 (2016)
Li L K, Yu Y J, Ye G J, Ge Q Q, Ou X D, Wu H, Feng D L, Chen X H, Zhang Y B. Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. Nat Nanotechnol9(5): 372–377 (2014)
Zhang J, Li M J, Feng Z C, Chen J, Li C. UV Raman spectroscopic study on TiO2. I. Phase transformation at the surface and in the bulk. J Phy Chem B110(2): 927–935 (2006)
Podgornik B, Jacobson S, Hogmark S. Influence of EP additive concentration on the tribological behaviour of DLC-coated steel surfaces. Surf Coat Technol191(2–3): 357–366 (2005)
Kumar N, Gautam G, Gautam R K, Mohan A, Mohan S. Wear, friction and profilometer studies of insitu AA5052/ZrB2 composites. Tribol Int97: 313–326 (2016)
Okonkwo P C, Kelly G, Rolfe B F, Pereira M P. The effect of sliding speed on the wear of steel-tool steel pairs. Tribol Int97: 218–227 (2016)
Wu D Y, Xu Y F, Yao L L, You T, Hu X G. Tribological behaviour of graphene oxide sheets as lubricating additives in bio-oil. IndLub Tribol70(8): 1396–1401 (2018)
Sun J L, Zhu Z X, Xu P F. Study on the lubricating performance of nano-TiO2 in water-based cold rolling fluid. Mater Sci Forum817: 219–224 (2015)
Tiwari S, Phase D M, Choudhary R J. Probing antiphase boundaries in Fe3O4 thin films using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett93(23): 234108 (2008)
Chen L, Jin X Y, Qu Y, Wei K J, Zhang Y F, Liao B, Xue W B. High temperature tribological behavior of microarc oxidation film on Ti-39Nb-6Zr alloy. Surf Coat Technol347: 29–37 (2018)
Xu Y F, Yu J Y, Geng J, Abuflaha R, Olson D, Hu X G, Tysoe W T. Characterization of the tribological behavior of the textured steel surfaces fabricated by photolithographic etching. Tribol Lett66(2): 55 (2018)
Zhao H Y, Morina A, Neville A, Vickerman R. Tribochemistry on clutch friction material lubricated by automatic transmission fluids and the link to frictional performance. J Tribol135(4): 041801 (2013)
Yu Q L, Zhang C Y, Dong R, Shi Y J, Wang Y R, Bai Y Y, Zhang J Y, Cai M R, Zhou F. Novel N,P-containing oil-soluble ionic liquids with excellent tribological and anti-corrosion performance. Tribol Int132: 118–129 (2019)
Nan F, Zhou K H, Liu S, Pu J B, Fang Y H, Ding W X. Tribological properties of attapulgite/La2O3 nanocomposite as lubricant additive for a steel/steel contact. RSC Adv8(30): 16947–16956 (2018)
Yang Y, Zhang C H, Wang Y, Dai Y J, Luo J B. Friction and wear performance of titanium alloy against tungsten carbide lubricated with phosphate ester. Tribol Int95: 27–34 (2016)
Zhang S W, Liu H C, He R Y. Mechanisms of wear of steel by natural rubber in water medium. Wear256(3–4): 226–232 (2004)
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51875155) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. PA2019GDQT0017). In addition, professor Kunhong HU and associate professor Enzhu HU are gratefully acknowledged for providing half of the testing instruments and fruitful suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Zhiheng LUO. He received his bachelor degree in 2018 from Jiangxi Agricultural University, China. Then he was a graduate student in mechanical engineering of the Institute of Tribology at Hefei University of Technology. His research interests include the tribology of nano-lubricating additives and wear of coatings.
Yufu XU. He received his bachelor, master, and Ph.D. degrees from Hefei University of Technology, China, in 2003, 2006, and 2012, respectively. He joined the Institute of Tribology at Hefei University of Technology from 2006. He spent one year (2015–2016) in the Tribology laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee as a visiting scholar at Wilfred T. Tysoe’s group sponsored by China Scholarship Council. He has published more than 40 peer-reviewed papers that received more than 1,000 citations and has the h-index 20. His current position is an associate professor. His research interests cover the tribology of nanoparticles and bioenergy, smart lubrication, and active control of friction and wear.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Luo, Z., Yu, J., Xu, Y. et al. Surface characterization of steel/steel contact lubricated by PAO6 with novel black phosphorus nanocomposites. Friction 9, 723–733 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0366-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0366-3